Random!
Give the anion gap equation.
Na – (Cl + HCO3)
Name the three most important proinflammatory cytokines of the innate immune system.
Bonus: What is the main action of IL-1?
TNF
IL-1
IL-6
Bonus: Fever!
Vancomycin binds to what subunit of the stem peptide?
Bonus: Is Vancomycin useful for gram positive, gram negative, both, or neither?
D-ala-D-ala
Bonus: ONLY gram positive
What is the technical term for what is colloquially terms "cross-eyed"?
Strabismus
IL-1
IL-6
IL-10
TNF-alpha
IL-10, it is an Anti-inflammatory cytokine
All the others are inflammatory
Give the name of the specific biomaterial that is very effectively used for diabetic foot ulcers.
Becaplermin
What is defined as an acute, multi-organ inflammatory syndrome in response to infection or immune therapy?
Bonus: What kind of feedback loop does this syndrome utilize in respect to the release of inflammatory factors, making it particularly dangerous and potentially lethal?
Cytokine Storm
Bonus: Positive Feedback
The bacterium S. Pneumoniae has high rates of resistance to a particular family of antibiotics. What is it?
Bonus: name a member of this family.
Macrolides
Bonus: Erythromycin, Azithromycin, Clarithromycin
What is the name of the depressions just posterior to the root of the tongue between the medial and lateral glosso-epiglottic folds in the throat?
Bonus: What is their function?
Bonus 2: These structures serve as an important landmark for what common procedure?
Valleculae
Bonus: They serve as locations where saliva is temporarily held to prevent initiation of the swallowing reflex.
Bonus 2: The insertion of an endotracheal tube via a laryngoscope.
What structural appendage on bacteria forms a conduit to inject proteins from bacterial cytoplasm into the mammalian cytosol?
Type III Secretory System AKA Injectosome
What is the most frequent finding on lung x-rays of patient with Covid 19?
Airspace opacities such as consolidation or ground glass opacities.
How does the composition of macrophage types differ between obese patients and lean patients?
In lean individuals, adipose tissue contains primarily anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages
in obesity, the number of pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages increases significantly.
What antibiotic family is described below:
-Incorporates into bone and teeth (turns teeth a dark color), not given to young children, pregnant or nursing women
–reversible binding, blocks binding of tRNAs, bacteriostatic
–broad spectrum, G+ and G-
Tetracyclines
Finish this statement with respect to the lymph nodes of the head and neck.
Ultimately, all superficial nodes drain into _________.
The Deep Cervical Nodes
Provide the usual receptor target for the given viruses.
1. HIV
2. Influenza
3. SARS COV-2
1. CD4
2. Sialic Acid
3. ACE2
HSV-1
HSV-2
VZV
A 1-year-old patient is brought to the clinic with a low-grade fever and a rash on their lower extremities and abdomen. The symptoms arose after spending the weekend in Colorado while visiting the child's grandparents. The same symptoms have been noticed in the winter months and when the hot water occasionally runs out due to a faulty water heater. What specific syndrome is characterized here?
Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome
What broad spectrum IV therapy aminoglycoside, often with a Beta-lactam, is preferred for G-, especially Pseudomonas?
Tobramycin
All of the intrinsic AND extrinsic tongue muscles are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve, EXCEPT 1.
What is that muscle, and what is its alternative innervation?
Palatoglossus Muscle
Innervation: Vagus Nerve (CNX)
The laboratory finding reveals that 57 year-old patient is suffering from metabolic acidosis. What kind of metabolic acidosis is he suffering from?
ABG: 7.21/32/98
100% O2 Sat on Room Air
Electrolytes: Na 145 mEq/L, Cl 105 mEq/L, HCO3 25 mEq/L
a. Anion-gap metabolic acidosis
b. Non-Anion-gap metabolic acidosis
c. Cation gap metabolic acidosis
d. Non-Cation-gap metabolic acidosis
A, anion-gap metabolic acidosis
145 - (105+25) = 145-130 = 15
`15 is outside of the normal anion gap range
If a patient is diagnosed with a trochlear nerve palsy, what muscle would be disabled and how might the eye seem to be displaced?
Muscle: Superior Oblique Muscle
Displacement: Superior and medial to midpoint
What is an immunological phenomenon where pathogen-derived antigens resemble the host’s own proteins or molecular structures?
AND
What is the danger in this, post infection?
Bonus: What is the classical example of this?
Molecular Mimicry
This similarity can lead the immune system to mistakenly attack the body’s tissues after an infection, mistaking self-antigens for foreign ones.
Bonus: Rheumatic Fever
AND
2. Provide the names of two medications that include beta-lactamase inhibitors. (They don't have to match)
1. Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, Tazobactam
2. Augmentin, Zosyn, Timentin, Unasyn
What is a sign of Hypoglossal Nerve damage on the right side of the body? Why would this be an effective signifier?
When patient is asked to protrude tongue, the tongue only protrudes to the right side. This is because the hypoglossal nerve innervates the genioglossus muscle, which is responsible for the protrusion of the tongue. If the right side is affected, then the tongue will point to the right because the left side will effectively overpower the right side and angle it toward that direction.
What family / families of viruses contain an RNA-Dependent DNA Polymerase (RDDP)?
Bonus: What is another name for this associated molecule?
Retroviruses and Hepadnaviruses (or just Retroid viruses)
Bonus: Reverse Transcriptase