Infection Control
What is indirect contact transmission?
This type of transmission occurs through contaminated objects such as blood pressure cuffs, stethoscopes, and bed rails.
This assistive device should always be held on the client's stronger side.
What is a cane?
What is a nasal cannula? {what L/min too}
This oxygen delivery device delivers 24–44% FiO₂ at 1–6 L/min and allows the client to eat, drink, and talk.
What is 3.5–5.0 mEq/L?
This is the normal range for potassium.
List the five primary purposes of IV therapy.
What are hydration, medication administration, replacing fluid losses, maintaining perfusion, and providing support during surgery or NPO status?
Name the five cardinal signs of inflammation and provide the medical term for each.
What are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function?
What is foot drop?
This complication of immobility occurs when the foot becomes permanently plantar-flexed.
This high-flow oxygen device provides the most precise oxygen concentration and is the preferred device for clients with COPD.
What is a Venturi mask?
What is hyperkalemia?
This electrolyte imbalance is associated with peaked T waves and can progress to cardiac arrest.
This IV complication is characterized by a painful, warm, red vein with a visible red streak.
What is phlebitis?
Compare medical asepsis and surgical asepsis by describing the purpose of each and providing at least three examples of when each technique is used.
What is medical asepsis, which reduces the number and spread of microorganisms and includes hand hygiene, cleaning equipment, wearing gloves, and standard precautions; and surgical asepsis, which eliminates all microorganisms and is used during surgery, sterile dressing changes, central line insertion, and urinary catheter insertion?
Name the three types of range-of-motion exercises and who performs each.
What are Active ROM (client performs independently), Active-Assisted ROM (client performs with assistance), and Passive ROM (nurse performs the movement)?
List at least six early manifestations of hypoxia.
What are tachypnea, tachycardia, restlessness, anxiety, elevated blood pressure, pale skin, pale mucous membranes, nasal flaring, accessory muscle use, and adventitious lung sounds?
List at least five common causes of low electrolyte levels.
What are poor intake, vomiting, diarrhea, NG suction, diuretic use, and malabsorption?
Compare infiltration and extravasation by describing the type of fluid involved, assessment findings, and initial nursing treatment.
What is infiltration (non-vesicant fluid leaking into tissue causing coolness, pallor, swelling, and slowed infusion; stop the IV, elevate the extremity, and restart elsewhere) and extravasation (vesicant medication leaking into tissue causing burning, pain, blistering, and tissue damage; stop the infusion immediately and follow the antidote protocol)?
List the correct steps for opening a sterile field in order and identify two actions that would contaminate the sterile field.
What is placing the package on a clean, dry surface; opening the flap away from the body first, then the side flaps, and the flap closest to the body last; while avoiding reaching over the sterile field and keeping it above waist level and within sight?
Identify at least five assessment findings of a deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
What are unilateral leg swelling, warmth, redness, pain or tenderness, edema, delayed capillary refill, and increased calf circumference?
State the correct steps for tracheostomy suctioning in order.
What is hyperoxygenate, insert the catheter without suction, apply suction while withdrawing, rotate the catheter, suction for 5–10 seconds, allow recovery, and limit to three passes?
State the normal values for pH, CO₂, and HCO₃ used to interpret arterial blood gases.
What are pH 7.35–7.45, CO₂ 35–45 mmHg, and HCO₃ 22–26 mEq/L?
Name at least three complications that can result from IV fluid administration.
What are fluid overload, pulmonary edema, electrolyte imbalance, and administration of the wrong IV solution?
Identify the required room type, PPE, and at least three diseases associated with contact, droplet, airborne, and protective (reverse) isolation precautions.
What are contact precautions (gloves and gown; C. difficile, MRSA, VRE, norovirus, RSV), droplet precautions (surgical mask; influenza, pertussis, COVID-19, mumps, rubella), airborne precautions (negative-pressure room, door closed, N95 respirator; tuberculosis, measles, varicella), and protective isolation (protects immunocompromised patients, including bone marrow transplant recipients and those with severe neutropenia, with visitor screening, hand hygiene, and PPE as indicated)?
Name the four common crutch gaits and identify which client situation each is most appropriate for.
What are the four-point gait (most stable; weight-bearing on both legs), two-point gait (partial weight-bearing), three-point gait (one leg non-weight-bearing), and swing-to/swing-through gait (bilateral leg weakness or paralysis)?
Compare open suctioning and closed (inline) suctioning by describing who each is used for and one advantage or requirement of each.
What is closed suctioning, used primarily for intubated and mechanically ventilated ICU clients while maintaining ventilation and reducing contamination; and open suctioning, which requires a sterile catheter, sterile gloves, and sterile saline or water?
Identify all four acid-base disorders and provide one common cause and two assessment findings for each.
What are respiratory acidosis (hypoventilation; confusion, headache, lethargy), respiratory alkalosis (hyperventilation; dizziness, tingling, muscle spasms), metabolic acidosis (DKA, renal failure, or severe diarrhea; Kussmaul respirations, nausea, weakness), and metabolic alkalosis (vomiting, excess antacids, or excess diuretics; weakness, confusion, paresthesias, dysrhythmias)?
List the signs of an anaphylactic blood transfusion reaction and place the nursing actions in the correct order
What are hives, wheezing, angioedema, hypotension, and respiratory distress; then stop the transfusion, keep the IV open with normal saline, notify the provider or Rapid Response Team, notify the blood bank, and recheck the blood product and patient identification?