Nationalism and Unification
What is nationalism?
Nationalism is the belief in loyalty, devotion, and allegiance to one’s nation, often placing it above other nations.
What was the Berlin Conference, and why was it held?
A meeting of European nations in 1884-85 to divide Africa and avoid conflict among themselves.
What does MAIN stand for?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism
How did machine guns change warfare in WWI?
They increased defensive capabilities, leading to trench warfare and making direct charges nearly suicidal.
What was the Treaty of Versailles?
The peace treaty that ended WWI, placing heavy penalties on Germany.
Who was the "Iron Chancellor" who led German unification?
Otto von Bismarck.
What was the "civilizing mission"?
A set of ideas and practices that was used to justify and legitimize the establishment and continuation of overseas colonies. Based in racism
What nation was the person who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand from?
Serbia
What were the main gases used in chemical warfare?
Phosgene, chlorine, and mustard gas.
What was the League of Nations’ goal?
To maintain peace and prevent future wars.
Name two ways in which nationalism can divide a country instead of unifying it.
Ethnic tensions, regionalism, civil war, or separatist movements.
How did King Leopold II and Belgium exploit the Congo during the era of imperialism?
King Leopold II of Belgium exploited the Congo for resources, leading to forced labor and mass deaths.
How did trench warfare create a stalemate?
Defensive strategies and new weapons made it difficult for either side to advance.
What was a major weakness of tanks in WWI?
They often broke down, were slow, and got stuck in mud or trenches.
How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany? (Name two ways)
Forced to accept guilt, pay reparations, lose territory, and limit its military.
What role did Giuseppe Garibaldi play in Italian unification?
Garibaldi led the Redshirts in a military campaign to unite southern Italy with the north, ultimately helping to create a unified Italy.
How did European-made borders in Africa cause long-term problems?
Ethnic groups were split or forced together, leading to conflicts and instability.
What was the significance of the Zimmerman Telegram?
It was a secret message from Germany to Mexico, promising U.S. territory if Mexico joined the war against the Allies, which helped push the U.S. into WWI.
How were airplanes first used in WWI?
Primarily for reconnaissance and spying on enemy positions before being adapted for combat.
Why did colonial troops feel betrayed after the war?
They were promised more rights or independence but were largely ignored.
What is the difference between a nation and a nation-state?
A nation is a group of people with shared culture, language, and identity, while a nation-state is a political entity with defined borders where a nation governs itself.
What were two economic motives for European imperialism?
Access to raw materials and the creation of new markets for manufactured goods.
What was the impact of total war on civilians during WWI?
Governments controlled economies, rationed food, used propaganda, and drafted civilians into war industries, greatly affecting daily life.
Why was chemical warfare eventually banned?
It caused indiscriminate suffering and long-term health effects, leading to international treaties prohibiting its use.
Explain how WWI set the stage for WWII.
Harsh Treaty of Versailles conditions, economic instability, and rising nationalism led to WWII.