learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)
What is associative learning
100
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
What is neutral stimulus
100
an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
What is punishment
100
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test
What is recognition
100
a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response
What is unconditioned stimulus
200
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
What is respondent behavior
200
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
What is classical conditioning
200
Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
What is law of effect
200
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention
What is deep-processing
200
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
What is spontaneous recovery
300
the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
What is cognitive learning
300
a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus
What is conditioned response
300
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer
What is conditioned (secondary) reinforcer
300
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
What is testing effect (also known as 'retrieval effect' and 'test-enhanced learning')
300
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
What is primary reinforcer
400
the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)
What is behaviorism
400
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
What is extinction
400
increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli (when a stimulus is removed after a response, the response is strengthened)
What is negative reinforcement
400
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
What is chunking
400
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
What is modeling
500
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
What is latent learning
500
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
What is discrimination
500
a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
What is variable-interval schedule
500
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
What is mnemonics
500
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection