Revolution Timeline
Industrialization & Urbanization
Location Theory
Weight Matters
Agglomeration & Supply Chains
100
This coal-fired power source drove pumps, locomotives, and early factory machinery.
Steam engine
100
The rising share of a population living in towns and cities is called ___.
Urbanization
100
This theory predicts that manufacturers choose sites that minimize transportation, labor, and agglomeration costs.
Weber's least-cost theory
100
A product that weighs less after processing than its inputs is a ___ product.
Bulk-reducing (weight-losing) product
100
The clustering of mutually beneficial businesses in one location is called ___.
Agglomeration
200
Steam-powered textile mills and mechanized production in Britain are hallmarks of this industrial revolution.
First Industrial Revolution
200
The process in which manufacturing becomes a leading part of an economy is called ___.
Industrialization
200
The expense of moving raw materials to a plant and finished goods to buyers is a ___ cost.
Transportation
200
A beverage becomes much heavier when water and glass bottles are added near the end of production. It is a ___ product.
Bulk-gaining (weight-gaining) product
200
A tool-repair shop opens beside a cluster of aircraft plants to serve them quickly. It is an ___ business.
Ancillary
300
Steel, electricity, chemicals, and mass production distinguish this industrial revolution.
Second Industrial Revolution
300
Workers leaving mechanized farms for factory jobs in a city are making this type of migration.
Rural-to-urban migration
300
A firm accepts higher shipping charges in exchange for a region with much lower wages. The savings come from lower ___ costs.
Labor
300
A smelter turns 12 tons of copper ore into 1 ton of copper. To minimize shipment weight, it should locate near the ___.
Copper ore source
300
A plant receives components only shortly before they are needed, minimizing warehouse inventory. This system is called ___ production.
Just-in-time
400
Electronics, computers, and programmable automation define this industrial revolution.
Third Industrial Revolution
400
When factories close or relocate and industrial employment declines in a city, the city is experiencing ___.
Deindustrialization
400
Site A has $4 shipping and $8 labor cost per unit. Site B has $7 shipping and $3 labor cost per unit. Under least-cost theory, choose ___.
Site B
400
A bottler adds local water and heavy containers to concentrate before selling drinks. Its weight-gaining logic favors a site near the ___.
Market (consumers)
400
A smartphone company buys its chip producer and shipping operation so it controls several production stages. This strategy is ___.
Vertical integration
500
A factory integrates autonomous robots, cloud analytics, and biotechnology into connected production systems. It exemplifies this current revolution.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
500
Population growth outpaces a city's housing, sewer, and water systems, so many residents build homes without legal tenure. These areas are called ___.
Informal settlements
500
Cargo is transferred from ships to railcars at a port so a firm can use the cheapest mode for each leg. The port is a ___.
Break-of-bulk point
500
A process uses 15 tons of inputs to produce 3 tons of output. Its material index is ___.
5
500
After disruptions, a firm uses suppliers in separate regions and carries emergency inventory. It is building supply-chain ___.
Resilience
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