Claims & Evidence
what is a logical fallacy?
an error in reasoning where an argument is made using invalid logic or irrelevant points, often appearing persuasive but lacking substantial evidence to support its conclusion
define evidence
to have proof for something.
Provide an example of strong evidence
a peer-reviewed scientific study published in a reputable journal that shows a direct correlation between increased exercise and improved cardiovascular health
Why is reasoning important?
it helps us analyze situations, evaluate options, and make decisions.
How do you analyze evidence?
critically evaluate its source, relevance, credibility, and context, assessing whether it is sufficient and reliable to support a claim, while considering potential biases and limitations
what is a claim?
a demand for something due or believed to be due.
define straw man
someone, often an imaginary person, who is used to hide an illegal or secret activity
Explain "slippery slope"
a course of action is rejected because, with little or no evidence, one insists that it will lead to a chain reaction resulting in an undesirable end or ends
Why are fallacies harmful?
they represent flawed reasoning, undermining the logic of an argument by using irrelevant points or misleading tactics, essentially making a claim appear more convincing than it actually is, often with the intention to manipulate or deceive the listener rather than present a sound argument based on evidence.
Provide an example of "false dilemma"
You're either with us or against us.
what is ethos?
A climate
what is pathos
sadness on something.
What is "logos"?
a persuasive technique that uses logic and evidence to support an argument or claim
How do these appeals work together?
creating a well-rounded persuasive argument where the speaker establishes their trustworthiness, connects with the audience on an emotional level, and provides solid reasoning to support their claims, ultimately making their message more impactful and convincing
Provide an example from a famous speech.
Give me liberty or give me death" from Patrick Henry's speech at the Second Virginia Convention
what is a counterarguement?
acknowledging standpoints that go against your argument and then re-affirming your argument.
why should you use counterarguments
they demonstrate that you have considered multiple perspectives on a topic, enhancing your credibility and making your argument appear more well-rounded and persuasive by addressing potential objections and opposing viewpoints, ultimately strengthening your overall case.
Define "rebuttal"
A rebuttal is a response to an opposing argument or piece of evidence that contradicts or disproves it. It can be used in legal proceedings, writing, or public affairs.
How to structure rebuttals?
Provide an example of a strong rebuttal.
building a new stadium would revitalize the downtown area, recent studies show that similar projects in other cities have not led to significant economic growth, often leaving taxpayers burdened with debt while only benefiting a small number of businesses directly around the stadium.
what is a thesis?
a detailed written argument or proposition that presents the author's research findings and main idea on a particular topic
why is an introduction important?
they establish context, capture attention, and preview what's to come.
What are the parts of a body paragraph?
a topic sentence, supporting evidence (which can include examples, facts, or quotes), analysis or explanation of the evidence.
What makes a strong conclusion?
summarizes your main points, restates your thesis, and leaves the reader with something to think about
Why are transitions important in writing?
help your readers move between ideas within a paragraph, between paragraphs, or between sections of your argument