Types of Reasoning
What is deductive reasoning?
Drawing a conclusion that must be true if the premises are true.
What is a syllogism?
A form of reasoning with two premises and a conclusion.
Who is known as the Father of Logic?
Aristotle
Who was the first known female mathematician and philosopher from Alexandria?
Hypatia of Alexandria
What is a logical fallacy?
A flaw in reasoning that weakens an argument.
“All zombies eat brains. Bob is a zombie. Therefore, Bob eats brains.” What kind of reasoning, is it valid or invalid?
Deductive & Valid
"If zombies come out, humans hide. Zombies came out. Therefore, humans hide." Identify the category of syllogism.
Conditional
Who introduced inductive reasoning to science?
Francis Bacon
Which woman is recognized as the world’s first computer programmer?
Ada Lovelace
“Everyone believes zombies are real, so they must be.” Which fallacy?
Bandwagon
A reasoning process that involves drawing a general conclusion from specific observations.
Inductive Reasoning
“Either you are alive or undead. You’re not alive. Therefore, you’re undead.” Identify the category of syllogism.
Disjunctive
Who created Boolean logic, the basis for computers?
George Boole
What two elements did Marie Curie discover using scientific reasoning?
Polonium and Radium
“If we let one zombie in town, soon they’ll take over!” Which fallacy?
Slippery Slope
An Abductive Argument is one in which the conclusion is...
“a best guess”
“All zombies are undead. Bob is a zombie. Therefore, Bob is undead.” Which law of thought applies?
Law of Identity (A = A)
Who developed formal logic and modern analytic philosophy?
Gottlob Frege
How did Ada Lovelace use logic to contribute to early computing?
She used logical reasoning to design the first computer algorithm for Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
"You can’t trust her opinion, she’s a zombie.” — Which fallacy?
Ad Hominem
What makes a sound argument different from a valid one?
A sound argument means valid logic and all true premises.
A valid argument means correct form, truth not required.
Identify and explain Aristotle’s 3 Laws of Thought.
1. Identity (A = A)
2. Non-Contradiction (A can’t be A and not-A)
3. Excluded Middle (either A or not-A).
Who proved that no logical system can be both complete and consistent?
Kurt Gödel
Explain one way Hypatia, Ada Lovelace, or Marie Curie used logical thinking to solve problems in their field.
Hypatia taught logical reasoning in math. Ada used logic in computing. Marie
applied logical experimentation in her discoveries.
“You say we should study logic, so you must hate creativity.” Which fallacy?
Strawman