Hirschman’s Typology
What is “exit”?
Leaving the system
True or false:
Latent dissent involves expressing disagreements to coworkers instead of addressing leadership.
True
What is resistance according to the authors?
Resistance is an effort intended to sabotage or challenge organizational control.
Does leaving an organization necessarily close off a member's discursive options?
No, former employees can actively continue to critique policies, share information, and enact resistance from the outside.
What is the difference between “loyalty” and “neglect”?
Both are passive; in loyalty, members are optimistic that situations will improve, while in neglect members are not optimistic and watch the system collapse.
Which of the following is an example of articulated dissent?
A. Complaining to coworkers about problems at work
B. Sharing concerns directly with organizational leadership
C. Posting anonymously online without managing the issue
D. Ignoring the issue
B
What is the difference between the traditional view and the contemporary one?
In the traditional view organizational resistance has been defined as organized and collective opposition to managerial practices (like going on strikes), while in the contemporary one resistance in the digital age is often "inconspicuous, subtle, and unorganized".
How do counterinstitutional websites facilitate boundaryless membership?
By collapsing traditional time and space barriers, creating shared digital forums where former employees can easily interact with current staff and publicly voice their concerns.
What happens when exit is not possible?
Voice carries the burden of pointing out failures of the management and becomes disparate
What is organisational silence?
It is a phenomenon where employees choose not to communicate their concerns or ideas upward to organizational leadership.
What is "Symbolic Refashioning"?
Acts that allow workers to reject the company’s "emotional scripts" and reclaim a sense of control over their environment.
Why might "once and future employees" continue to demonstrate loyalty, actively critique policies, and seek to improve an organization even after they have officially exited the system?
Because modern management strategies strongly encourage deep organizational identification, in which you become affiliated and the organization’s core is internalized; "once and future employees" often retain their loyalty and actively seek to improve the system even after they have formally left.