Causes of Rapid Industrialization
This natural resource was essential to the growth of steel, railroads, and heavy industry in the late 1800s.
Coal
This new class expanded as a result of industrialization and increased access to consumer goods.
The middle class
This organization, led by Samuel Gompers, focused on skilled workers and collective bargaining.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
This movement sought to address corruption, inequality, and social problems caused by industrialization.
The Progressive Movement
This amendment allowed the federal government to collect an income tax.
16th Amendment
This post–Civil War policy protected American manufacturers by raising import taxes on foreign goods.
Protective tariffs
This term describes extremely wealthy industrial leaders such as Rockefeller and Carnegie.
Captains of Industry / Robber Barons
This violent 1894 labor conflict involved railroad workers and federal troops.
Pullman Strike
These journalists exposed corruption and abuses in business and government.
Muckrakers
This law aimed to improve food safety after the publication of The Jungle.
Pure Food and Drug Act
Name one way the federal government actively supported industrial growth in the late nineteenth century.
Land grants to railroads / protective tariffs / limited regulation
Identify one negative impact of rapid industrial growth on urban life.
Overcrowding / pollution / poor sanitation / unsafe housing
Name one key demand commonly made by labor unions during the Gilded Age.
Higher wages / shorter hours / safer working conditions
Name one Progressive reform designed to make government more democratic.
Initiative / Referendum / Recall / Direct election of senators
Identify one area where Progressive reforms were limited or unsuccessful.
Racial equality / labor rights for all workers / treatment of immigrants
This technological innovation by Andrew Carnegie revolutionized steel production by lowering costs.
The Bessemer Process
This 1890 law attempted to limit monopolies and promote competition.
Sherman Antitrust Act
This group advocated for government ownership of railroads and major industries.
Socialists / Populists
This constitutional amendment granted women the right to vote.
19th Amendment
This Supreme Court decision limited child labor laws before 1920.
Hammer v. Dagenhart
Explain why immigration contributed significantly to industrial expansion in the late nineteenth century.
Immigrants provided a large, cheap labor force willing to work long hours for low wages
Assess how industrialization increased both opportunity and inequality in the late nineteenth century.
It created wealth and jobs but widened the gap between rich and poor due to low wages and unsafe conditions
Explain why the federal government often sided with business rather than labor during strikes.
Belief in laissez-faire economics and fear that strikes threatened economic stability
Analyze how Progressives believed government should respond to social and economic problems.
Government should actively regulate business and protect the public welfare
Evaluate the overall success of the Progressive Movement by 1920.
It achieved major political and economic reforms but failed to address racial inequality and fully protect workers