General
This test requires performing an Allen’s test beforehand.
What is an arterial puncture?
This is the term for the dangerously low oxygen levels seen in status asthmaticus.
What is hypoxemia?
These two symptoms often accompany OSA due to repeated arousal during sleep
What are loud snoring and daytime sleepiness?
These two major pathological components define COPD: airway inflammation with mucus hypersecretion and destruction of alveolar
What are chronic bronchitis and emphysema?
This type of pneumonia is diagnosed less than 48 hours after admission
What is community‑acquired pneumonia (CAP)?
A needle is inserted into the pleural space during this procedure.
What is a thoracentesis?
Albuterol belongs to this medication class and is considered a "rescue" medication.
What is a short‑acting beta‑2 agonist (SABA)?
This device delivers one continuous pressure setting to prevent airway collapse during sleep.
What is a CPAP machine?
This is the most common cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
What is cigarette smoking?
This physical exam finding—caused by vibrations traveling through consolidated lung tissue—may be increased in pneumonia and is assessed by placing hands on the patient’s chest while they speak.
What is tactile fremitus?
ABG results show:
pH = 7.28, HCO₃⁻ = 16 mEq/L, PaCO₂ = 38 mmHg.
These values indicate this acid‑base imbalance.
What is metabolic acidosis?
This handheld device measures the highest airflow during forced expiration and is the fastest way to evaluate airway obstruction in emergency settings
What is peak flow meter?
This screening tool, commonly used by nurses, helps identify clients at risk for OSA.
What is STOP‑BANG?
A common serious complication of COPD that may require mechanical ventilation
What is respiratory failure?
This type of pneumonia occurs when consolidation involves an entire lobe of the lung, replacing air in the small airways with fluid and appearing as consolidation or atelectasis on chest X‑ray.
what is lobar pneumonia?
This class of medication suppresses inflammation but must be tapered slowly.
What are systemic corticosteroids?
These medications decrease airway inflammation and reduce risk of future exacerbations.
What are inhaled corticosteroids (ICS)?
This overnight sleep study, performed in a sleep lab and using EEG, EMG, SaO₂, and airflow sensors, is considered the gold standard for diagnosing obstructive sleep apnea
What is polysomnography (PSG)?
What is the target SPO2 range for someone with COPD?
what is 88-92%
Because fever may be absent in older adults with pneumonia, clinicians rely on this severity‑assessment tool to estimate mortality risk and decide whether inpatient or outpatient treatment is most appropriate.
What is the CURB‑65 scale?
Sudden shortness of breath, anxiety, and chest pain after arterial puncture may indicate this emergency.
What is an air embolism?
These medications include formoterol and salmeterol and must be used with anti‑inflammatories for long‑term asthma control.
What are long‑acting beta‑2 agonists (LABAs)?
This serious cardiovascular condition can develop from chronic obstructive sleep apnea due to repeated episodes of oxygen desaturation and increased pressure in the lungs’ blood vessels.
what is pulmonary hypertension?
This early and most common manifestation of COPD occurs during physical activity and progressively worsens over time
This condition results when poorly oxygenated pulmonary blood mixes with systemic circulation, causing decreased oxygen levels.
What is arterial hypoxemia?