Rivers
What is discharge?
The amount of water in a river
What is longshore drift?
Movement of sediment along the coast by waves approaching at an angle.
What is an NEE?
Newly Emerging Economy - A country becoming more industrialised with rapid economic growth.
What is water stress?
When demand for water is greater than the available supply.
What is biodiversity?
The variety of plant and animal species in an ecosystem.
What is the difference between a river's source and its mouth?
Source = where a river begins.
Mouth = where it enters the sea, lake or another river.
What is the difference between constructive and destructive waves?
• Constructive waves build beaches with strong swash and weak backwash.
• Destructive waves erode beaches with weak swash and strong backwash.
What are the main characteristics of Nigeria's economy?
• Africa's largest economy.
• Rapidly growing manufacturing and service sectors.
• Still dependent on oil exports.
• Large regional inequalities.
What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy?
• Renewable energy is naturally replenished.
• Non-renewable energy comes from finite resources.
Give one difference between the climate of a hot desert and a tropical rainforest.
• Rainforests are hot (28) and wet (2000mm+) with high biodiversity.
• Hot deserts are hot (40+) and dry (250mm) with sparse vegetation.
Why does river discharge usually increase after heavy rainfall?
• More surface runoff enters the river.
• Soil becomes saturated.
• Groundwater contributes more flow.
How do spits form?
• Longshore drift
• Change in direction of coastline
•LSD continues
• Deposition as sea loses energy
Why has Nigeria experienced rapid economic growth?
• Oil industry expansion.
• Growth of manufacturing and services.
• Foreign investment from TNCs.
• Improved transport links.
Why is water becoming an increasingly scarce resource?
• Population growth.
• Climate change.
• Increasing demand from farming and industry.
• Pollution reduces available supplies.
Why are tropical rainforests under threat?
• Commercial farming (Burger king, Palm Oil)
• Logging
• Urbanisation
• Mineral extraction
Explain how flood management has been used in the Somerset Levels
* Warnings/ sand bags
* Dredging
* Plan for a barrage
Explain how coastal management has been used at New Brighton.
* Sea wall
* Groynes
* Rock Armour
Explain how Shell's activities in the Niger Delta have created both opportunities and challenges.
• Jobs and investment created.
• Oil exports increased national income.
• Oil spills damaged ecosystems.
• Gas flaring caused pollution.
• Local communities received limited benefits.
Explain how the China South to North Transfer Project has affected China.
• Transfers water to North China.
• Generates hydroelectric power.
• Creates jobs.
• Flooded farmland and displaced some communities.
Explain how sustainable management is being used in the Amazon Rainforest
• Selective logging,
• ecotourism,
• conservation areas and
• debt-for-nature swaps
To what extent is hard engineering the best way to manage flood risk?
• Effective at protecting high-value areas.
• Expensive to build and maintain.
• Can damage ecosystems.
• Soft engineering is often more sustainable.
• Overall: Depends on the value of land and long-term costs.
To what extent is managed retreat a better strategy than hard engineering?
• Cheaper over time.
• Creates habitats.
• Not suitable for densely populated areas.
• Hard engineering is still needed in some locations.
• Overall: Managed retreat is often more sustainable where land values are low.
To what extent has economic growth improved the quality of life in Nigeria?
• Increased employment and GDP.
• Better infrastructure.
• Poverty and inequality remain high.
• Regional differences persist.
• Overall: Significant progress, but benefits are unevenly distributed.
To what extent should countries prioritise renewable energy over fossil fuels?
• Renewable energy reduces emissions.
• Fossil fuels remain reliable and widely available.
• Renewable technologies are becoming cheaper.
• Energy security must also be considered.
• Overall: A transition to renewables is desirable but should be gradual.
To what extent can tropical rainforests be managed sustainably?
• Sustainable forestry can reduce deforestation.
• Conservation protects biodiversity.
• Economic pressures still drive forest clearance.
• International cooperation is essential.
• Overall: Sustainable management is possible but challenging without strong enforcement.