Theories of Depression
One biological explanation for depression is an imbalance in the neurotransmitter _________.
Treatments that focus on a single biological factor tend to be ______, whereas treatments that considers the person in their totality tend to be _______.
reductionist
holistic
Kaji's Twin Study of Alcohol Abuse had ______ twins as the experimental condition and ______ twins as the natural control group.
MZ (monozygotic) / Identical
DZ (dizygotic) / Fraternal / Non-Identical
Many mental health problems such as koro are ______ ______ syndromes and are only found in specific regions or countries.
culture-bound
What is the difference between substance misuse and substance abuse?
Misuse = taking a substance in a way that does not follow prescribed guidelines (ex: doubling your dosage)
Abuse = taking a substance only to get high (ex: taking a friend's medication that you don't need)
Beck (1967) suggested that depressed individuals have cognitive biases that paint a pessimistic picture of the self, the world, and the future. This is known as a _______ _______ _______
negative self-schema
_______ _______ ________ ________ (SSRIs) are a class of drugs to treat ________ that block the reuptake of serotonin at the synaptic gap.
Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors
depression
Wiles' study featured _______ + _________ as the experimental (holistic) condition and ________ as the control (reductionist) condition.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy + SSRIs
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
What is the difference between unipolar depression, bipolar depression, and sadness?
Unipolar = low mood, sleep/appetite disturbances, reduced energy and confidence, no obvious reason, lasts over 2 weeks.
Bipolar = periods of low mood interspersed with periods of extreme elevated mood mania
Sadness = acute grief that is usually related to a specific cause
Biological explanations for addiction represent the _____ side of the argument and focus on ________ factors and _______ vulnerabilities.
nature
hereditary
genetic
______ ________ is Gilbert's (1984) concept that depression is the result of a view that sees problems in life and the world as one's own fault and are personal, global, or stable.
Attribution Theory
_______ _______ ________ (CBT) works by getting the patient to recognize their _________ thoughts, agreeing on a more ________ approach, and then putting this into practice in the _____ ______.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
irrational
realistic
real world
Briefly outline Wiles' study (aim/method/results)
Aim: To investigate the difference in therapeutic outcomes between holistic (CBT + SSRIs) and reductionist/usual (SSRIs alone) treatments.
Method: Treatment-resistant participants (BDI 14) were allocated into two groups (234 in CBT and UT and 235 in UT)
Results: Over 46 months, 43% of those that had CBT reported at least a 50% improvement, while only 27% of those that received the normal treatment reported a 50% improvement.
What are 3 social impacts of mental health problems?
- Increased need for more social care (government programs and interventions)
- Increased crime rates (particularly addiction-related)
- Economic impacts (costs for medical care, unemployment, drain on social welfare, etc)
Psychological or environmental explanations for addiction represent the _______ side of the argument which centers on ______ and ______ influences.
nurture
peer
family
Psychological/cognitive explanations focus on _____ and the role of the ________ and how it influences ________ illnesses such as ________.
nurture
environment
mental
depression
What is the difference between holistic and reductionist approaches in treating addiction or depression? Give one example of each:
Holistic = focus on the entire person (social, emotional, biographical, biological factors)
Reductionist = focus on one particular biological element (imbalance of one neurotransmitter or one hormone, a single gene, etc.)
Examples may vary:
Briefly evaluate Kaji's Twin Study (what was one strength and one weakness).
Strength: large sample size makes the results more reliable/generalizable, a follow-up study decades later with a much greater sample replicated Kaji's findings (Kendler 1997, and most similar research has established this link between genes and addiction.
Weaknesses: temperance board was limited to those who had made a public display of alcohol abuse and the study only focused on males (limited/narrow sample), data on MZ and DZ twins was self-reported (not empirical evidence).
What are 3 individual impacts of mental health problems?
- Damage to relationships (stresses, strains, difficulties for close family members)
- Difficulties coping with day-to-day life (school, work, social activities are difficult to manage)
- Negative impacts on physiological well-being (lowered immune system, weight loss/gain, lack of sleep/physical exhaustion, etc)
According to the ICD, what are 6 characteristics of addiction:
1) A strong desire to use the substance
2) Persisting despite harm
3) Difficulty in controlling use
4) A higher priority given to the substance
5) Withdrawal states
6) Evidence of tolerance
Biological explanations for depression argue that the cause is linked to ______ and is ______ determined. From this perspective depression is _______ and part of our ______.
nature
genetically
biological
DNA
What are two addiction-specific treatments? Outline each treatment briefly:
Aversion Therapy: Classical conditioning that involves pairing an addictive substance like alcohol (neutral stimulus) with an emetic (aversive/unconditioned stimulus). The conditioned response is associating vomiting with alcohol.
Self-Management Programs: 12-step programs (involves taking responsibility for actions while focusing on a higher power); Parent / Peer support groups (sharing information, building community)
Briefly outline Kaji's Twin Study (aim/method/results):
Aim: To investigate hereditary factors in alcoholism
Method: Using public registers / temperance boards in Sweden, Kaji studied 48 pairs of male MZ twins and 126 pairs of male DZ twins and interviewed them using surveys and questionnaires.
Results: The number of twins who had a co-twin registered with the temperance board was 61% for identical twins and only 39% for non-identical twins.
DSM-5 stands for ______ and ______ _________. ICD stands for ______ _______ of ________.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
International Classification of Diseases
How can Social Learning Theory explain environmental influences on addiction?
Bandura noted 4 key processes in SLT
1) Attention (ex: witnessing substance abuse in the family)
2) Retention (ex: remembering how the family members used the substance)
3) Motor Reproduction (ex: using the substance)
4) Motivation / Reinforcement (ex: getting high from the substance and feeling good)