Visual Illusions
Diagram and (briefly) explain the Mueller-Lyer Illusion.
Looking at two parallel lines, one with inward and one with outward pointing arrows, the line with outward pointing arrows appears to be longer.
______ _______ _______ provide depth information when viewing a scene with two eyes.
Binocular Depth Cues
What is the central claim of Gibson's Direct Theory of Perception?
That perception is innate and does not require learning.
Bottom-Up Processing
Interpretation is not needed as the information from our senses is enough to interact with our environment.
What is the difference between sensation and perception?
Sensation refers to the process of sensing the environment through taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing.
Perception refers to how our brain interprets that sensory information,
Diagram and (briefly) explain the Ponzo illusion.
The train track illusion. When you look at the horizontal lines your brain persuades you that the farther away line is longer than the closer one (they are identical)
________ is when, because of stereopsis, two eyeballs focus on the same object and they converge.
Convergence
What is the central claim of Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception?
Sensory Data ~ Stored Knowledge ~ Inference about what is out there.
Top-Down Processing
Perception is sensation + memory/past experience. We actively construct our perception of reality. Evidence for this claim is visual illusions.
Define perceptual set:
A tendency to perceive some aspects of sensory information but not others. Perception is an active process involving selection, inference, and interpretation.
Diagram and (briefly) explain the Rubin's Vase illusion.
An ambiguous figure that can appear as a white vase against a black background or two black faces looking at each other in front of a white background.
When each eye views a slightly different angle of an object, it is known as _______.
retinal disparity
_________ and ________ 1955 study used an ambiguous figure that could like either the letter ____ or the number ____. Participants were shown this figure in the context of numbers or letters and their interpretation differed accordingly.
Bruner and Minturn's
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What are 3 variables that influence perceptual set and perception?
Expectation
Motivation
Emotion
Culture
Diagram and (briefly) explain the Kanizsa Triangle.
Occlusion occurs when ......?
the position of one object puts it in front of another.
What were the aim, method, and results of Gilchrist and Nesburg's 1952 study?
Aim: To investigate the influence of motivation on perception.
Method: Condition 1 - No food for 4 hours and Condition 2 - Normal Condition were shown pictures and asked to rate their brightness.
Results: Hungry condition rated the pictures featuring food and drink as significantly brighter.
2 types of motivational-emotional influences on perception include:
Physiological needs
Emotional connotation
Individual values
The value of objects
Diagram and (briefly) explain the Necker Cube.
The illusion is an ambiguous figure that can be seen in more than one way.
Draw a picture that includes occlusion, linear perspective, relative size and height in plane. Label these depth cues.
Show whiteboard
Evaluate Gregory's Constructivist Theory of Perception
Strengths: Visual illusions provide strong evidence for the fact that perception is at least, partially, interpretive.
Weaknesses: Most people perceive the world in a similar way (not so based on experience). Research on newborn babies strongly suggests they have perceptual abilities which seem to be innate.
______ and _______1955; and _______ and ______ 1952 are two studies that investigated the influence of perceptual set.
Bruner and Minturn and Gilchrist and Nesburg