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A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by gaining control over other people and one’s environment.
The attraction of members to one another and to the group as a whole.
A tradition, ideology, or personal outlook that emphasizes the primacy of the individual and his or her rights, independence, and relationships with other individuals.
The tendency for individuals to seek out, affiliate with, or be attracted to an individual who is similar to them in some way; this tendency causes groups and other interpersonal aggregates to be homogenous rather than diverse.
In personality trait theories, the degree to which an individual tends to respond positively across situations, including such related qualities as trusting, straightforward, warm, cooperative, modest, and sympathetic.
A shared commitment among members to achieve a goal and the resulting capacity to perform successfully as a coordinated unit.
A small, long-term group characterized by frequent interaction, solidarity, and high levels of interdependence among members that substantially influences the attitudes, values, and social outcomes of its members.
A motivating state of tension that can be relieved by joining with other people, which frequently includes concerns about winning the approval of other people.
Selecting people who are less well off as targets for social comparison
downward social comparison
A general preference for relationships and memberships that provide the maximum number of valued rewards and incur the fewest number of possible costs.
Selecting people who are superior to oneself or whose outcomes surpass one’s own as targets for social comparison.
upward social comparison
In personality trait theories, the degree to which an individual tends to seek out social contacts, including such related qualities as outgoing, enthusiastic, energetic, and assertive.
extraversion
Excluding one or more individuals from a group by reducing or eliminating contact with the person, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.
The tendency for liking to be met with liking in return; when A likes B, then B will tend to like A.
The tendency to view the ingroup, its members, and its products more positively than other groups, their members, and their products. Ingroup favoritism is more common than outgroup rejection.
ingroup–outgroup bias
A theoretical analysis of group processes and intergroup relations that assumes groups influence their members’ self-concepts and self-esteem, particularly when individuals categorize themselves as group members and identify with the group.
A physiological, psychological, and interpersonal response to stressful events characterized by increased nurturing, protective and supportive behaviors, and initiating and strengthening relationships with other people.
A theoretical analysis of social comparison processes that assumes that individuals maintain and enhance their self-esteem by associating with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are not relevant to the individual’s own sense of self-esteem and avoiding association with high-achieving individuals who excel in areas that are important to the individual’s sense of self-esteem (developed by Abraham Tesser).
The degree to which one’s values, attitudes, and outlooks emphasize and facilitate establishing and maintaining connections to others.
A conceptual analysis of group development that assumes the focus of a group shifts back and forth between the group’s tasks and the interpersonal relationships among group members (proposed by Robert Bales).
equilibrium model