Evolution/Pop genetics
What was the name of the ship that Charles Darwin traveled on during his trip to the Galapagos where he conceived his idea of natural selection?
The Beagle
Define Species
A species is a group of like organisms that are able to interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring
What is an extremophile, and which of the two domains primarily fall under this category? Provide an example for this type of organism.
Bonus: what difference in the plasma membrane allows these organisms to survive as "extremophiles"
An extremophile is an individual that can live in extreme conditions, such as high heat, salt, pH, methane etc.
Archeae are traditionally classified as extremophiles
Bonus: Ether instead of ester bond in their phospholipids
What are the three different things protists can use to move?
Flagella
Cilia
Pseudopodia
Name two of the three plant phyla that belong to the group known as bryophytes.
Mosses
hornworts
liverworts
What is natural selection?
a key driver of evolution where individuals better adapted and more fit are selected for and may pass on their genes to the next generation, shaping the overall population and species
What is speciation? What is the difference between allopatric and sympatric speciation?
Speciation is the formation of a new species. Allopatric speciation is the harsher mechanism that forms a new species, i.e. geographical isolation etc.
Sympatric speciation is due to internal population preferences that result in the formation of two distinct species (i.e. females having extreme preferences in mate characteristics or behavior)
What is the name for the group of bacteria that have thylakoids and are photosynthetic?
Cyanobacteria
Of the two major groups of fungi we discussed in class, which produce a fruiting body known as an ascocarp. Additionally, describe the general shape of most ascocarps.
ascomycetes, and the fruiting body tends to resemble the shape of a cup.
What type of plants are classified as tracheophytes?
All vascular plants, seed bearing or non seed bearing.
licophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms
What is convergent evolution? Provide an example
What is the differences between cladogenesis and anagenesis?
Cladogenesis is when a species evolves into 2 or more species
Anagenesis is when a species evolves into a new species itself, replacing the founder species
Name one of the 4 bacterial "organelle like structures" discussed in class and provide its general function
Magnetesome- functions like a compass
Gas vesicles- bouyancy
Thylakoids- photosynthetic function
Nucleus like structure- DNA protection
What is a plastid? What is endosymbiosis? Provide an example of plastid formation
A plastid is an organelle like structure that contains at least two membranes, derived from another living organism (through phagocytosis).
Endosymbiosis is the idea that a early eukaryotic cell (such as excavata like protist) consumed a cyanobacteria, and instead of digesting it, kept it for its photosynthetic functions.
Chloroplast, kinetoplasts etc.
Which of the four major plant groups discussed is a seed bearing vascular plant, that does not produce flowers or fruits?
Gymnosperms
What is reproduction isolation? What is pre-zygotic vs post-zygotic isolation? Provide an example of each.
Reproductive isolation is mechanism that creates new species by inhibiting populations from breeding with one another in a variety of ways.
Pre-zygotic- reproductive inhibition that prevents a zygote from ever forming (mechanical, behavioral, no gamete formation etc.)
Post-zygotic-reproduction inhibition following formation of a zygote (hybrid sterility, hybrid invalidity etc.)
List the taxonomic groups in order, from largest to smallest. (not including supergroup)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
What are the scientific terms used to describe the following shaped bacteria:
Sphere
Rod
Rigid Spiral
Cocci
Baccili
spirilla
Describe the "anatomy" of a fungus. Be sure to use the following terms:
mycellium
hyphae (septate or aseptate)
Fruiting body
A fungus is composed of many multicellular, fiber like projections called hyphae. These hyphae can have cells separated by structures called septate, or they can be aseptate and just be multinucleated projections.
Hyphae compose the mycellium, the major component of the fungus.
the fruiting body is the reproductive structure that we often refer to as the mushroom
Label the picture of the flower with the following terms:
Stamen (anther and filament)
pistol (stigma, style ovary)
Petals
Sepals
Ovules
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What is genetic drift? What are the two types of genetic drift we discussed in class? Provide an example to help with your answer
Genetic drift is a random selection event, typically a catastrophic event, that leads to a drastic, non-selective reduction in the population
Bottleneck, and founder effect
Thinking back to developmental biology and the development of webbed or non-webbed feet in chickens and ducks, what are the two major proteins we discussed in class and what are their respective functions?
What proteins do chickens have active vs ducks that lead to differences in their feet?
The two major proteins are BMP4 and Gremlin.
BMP4 induces apoptosis and would induce cells in the webbing to undergo apoptosis, removing the webbing between toes
Gremlin is an inhibitor of BMP4, and would prevent the loss of webbing.
Chickens have more active BMP4, where ducks have more Gremlin to inhibit BMP4, resulting in their webbed feet
Between Archaea and bacteria, which of the two protist domains are most similar to eukaryotes? Provide 2 examples to justify your answer
Archaea are more similar to eukaryotes, with the thought that eukaryotes evolved from archaea.
Histone proteins
ribosomal proteins
Similar RNA polymerase
Describe the general process of how a dikaryotic organism forms and then eventually leads to fungal reproduction.
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Briefly describe the life cycle/reproduction of a pterodophyte (Fern). Be sure to use proper terminology, describing the DNA content of the organisms, naming the sexual reproducing "organ" etc.
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