Linguistic Market/The Local
and the Global
Language Ideologies and Varieties/Case Study
Gender and Language Ideologies/Use of Varieties
Access
Whose Speech is
More Standard?
100
What is the term used to refer to the variety of language spoken by the upper end of the socioeconomic hierarchy?
the standard language (page 271)
100
TRUE or FALSE: As part of its nation building, Japan sought to standardize language and this standardization involved creating a new woman’s language.
True (page 278-9)
100
What is the purpose of “standard” languages?
to unite populations (page 281)
100
TRUE or FALSE: Access to varieties is as gendered as access to the situations and networks in which varieties are used.
True (page 288)
100
On the whole, this gender uses more standard grammar than the other gender.
female (page 293)
200
What is the term used to refer to a locally-based variety of language?
The vernacular language (page 272)
200
TRUE or FALSE: The women’s language that was created in Japan is considered to be a disgrace.
False; it is considered to be a national treasure (page 279)
200
TRUE or FALSE: In a study of a Hungarian-speaking village in Austria, men were leading the women in the shift from Hungarian to German, due to the men leaving the farm to get jobs in the city.
False; women led the language shift due to the fact that many of them did not want to be wife of a farmer and so learned German to seek husbands outside of this occupation (page 284)
200
TRUE or FALSE: In a study of young Orthodox Jewish girls and boys in northern California, the researcher found that girls used Hebrew and Yiddish more than boys did as an indicator of their femininity.
False; used more by males to mark their masculinity (page 292)
200
TRUE or FALSE: In the halls of academe or government, one is more likely to find men projecting a folksy demeanor than women.
True (page 303)
300
TRUE or FALSE: The "right" linguistic variety can faciliate access to positions and situations of societal power and the "wrong" variety can block such access.
True (page 271)
300
TRUE or FALSE: Vernacular-speaking communities are tied to place more than the standard-speaking communities are.
True (page 277)
300
The study on a Gullah-speaking African American island community found that in general the variety spoken by this gender was closer to the standard than that of the other gender because of the work interactions that this gender had.
Females (page 285)
300
TRUE or FALSE: In Soulan, where French is associated with administrative power, males avoided its use in order to avoid seeming pretentious.
False; it was the females who avoided French (page 288)
300
The finding that women’s grammar is more standard than men’s but that women tend to lead men in sound change is not really a paradox because these two phenomena (standard grammar and innovative pronunciation) ______ [do/do not] have the same social meaning.
do not (page 293)
400
Where did Labov find a situation in which those who identified most strongly with local island tradition used “foit” instead of “fight” but those who were drawn to the new off-island economy used a more standard pronunciation (e.g., "fight").
Martha’s Vineyard (page 275)
400
The notion of the ____________ is based on the fact that one’s linguistic variety can ultimately enhance one’s chances for material gain.
linguistic market (page 276)
400
In a study of migrants from rural communities near Brazilia, the researcher found that speakers who are restricted to their local neighborhood can still be exposed to urban language and culture through frequent interactions with school-aged children.
True (page 288)
400
TRUE or FALSE: In a study of modern Egyptian Arabic, the researcher found that the gender difference in the use of the prestige marker “qaf” was due not to access to education but to access of religious linguistic practice, in which the form is used.
True (page 291)
400
Which of the following is not an explanation by our textbook as to why women use standard grammar more than men? (a) Women are more likely to value standard language because of its association with domestic femininity. (b) Women’s employment opportunities tend more than men’s to require standard language.
(a) (page 294)
500
TRUE or FALSE: In New York City, a stronger /oh/ accent (e.g., raising / ɔ / so that “dog” is pronounced as “doo-og”) is a sign of higher social status.
False (page 272)
500
The opposition between the local vernacular and the global standard is commonly tied up to what two things?
The opposition is tied up with (1) socioeconomic class and with (2) power struggles and conflicting interests (page 276)
500
What are two requirements for using a particular variety of language?
access to participation in the communities of practice in which the variety is used and the right to actually use it in situations; use also requires desire to use a variety (page 282-3)
500
TRUE or FALSE: In a study in Guyana, the researcher found that females moved freely from acrolect (close to standard form) to basilect (far from standard form) while males stayed within a fairly narrow band that neither carried the stigma of the basilect nor the prestige of the acrolect.
False; it was the females that stayed within the narrow band and the males that moved freely along the continuum (page 289)
500
Usually, a linguistic choice ________ [does/does not] directly indicate a social category such as social class or gender.
does not; a linguistic choice (sticking out one’s little finger while drinking tea) indicates an attribute (e.g., refinement) that is associated with a social category (e.g., females); a linguistic choice indexes aspects of social practices that constitute social categories rather than the categories themselves] (page 293)
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