General Trends and Macroeconomic Outcomes
Which gender gap typically persists as economies develop (among market and non-market outcomes)?
Gender pay gap
Discuss how each of tax policies mentioned below will impact gender gaps? Provide reasons for each answer:
- Higher marginal tax rates for secondary earners in a family
- Low rates of taxation of labor income vs capital income
- Higher marginal tax rates for secondary earners worsens the gender gap.
- Lower taxation of labor income vs capital income improves the gender gap.
After conducting a Gender Impact Assessment, you identify a gender occupational and/or sectoral segregation in the labor market. This segregation may:
A -Impact women’s preferences for certain occupations;
B - Encourage women to lift weights, get stronger so they are able to work in the construction sector;
C- Impact women’s decisions to invest in education;
D - Push women into low-productivity and low-paying jobs;
A, C, and D
According to Sahay & Čihák (2018), how can we extend credit to more women without threatening financial stability?
Stronger, high-quality regulatory and supervisory frameworks help enormously in reducing the trade-off between financial inclusion and bank stability (Sahay & Čihák, 2018)
Give two examples from constitutional law and civil rights that could affect gender gaps in the economy?
•Legal rights related to citizenship, right to vote, freedom of movement
•Political participation by women
•Access to Justice for women
Which developing region is characterized by the highest level of gender inequality, according to most aggregate indices?
SSA
Discuss how each of tax policies mentioned below will impact gender gaps? Provide reasons for each answer:
- Progressive tax brackets: reduce marginal tax rate for lower incomes
- Tax deductions for childcare services
Both policies reduce gender gaps
What is an (ex-ante) Gender Impact Assessment?
a- An assessment of gender inequality in the country.
b- An assessment of the quality of gender-disaggregated statistics.
c- An assessment of the impact of fiscal policies and budget programs on gender inequality.
d- An assessment of the impact of gender inequality on fiscal policy and budget programs.
c
Which of these indicators measures the relative usage of financial services by females versus males.
a. Outstanding amount of male-owned / female-owned deposits (or loans) as a percent of GDP.
b. Share of male/female depositors (or borrowers) at commercial banks in male/female adult population.
c. Proportion of female depositors (or borrowers) in total depositors (or borrowers).
d. Proportion of female deposit (loan) accounts in total accounts.
a
List two sources of legal inequalities
Cultural norms and belief systems.
Plural legal systems.
Inherited laws.
Reducing gender inequality is desirable in its own right, but it can also bring important macroeconomic benefits. For instance, closing the gender gap in labor force participation rate could boost GDP growth significantly. Why? (choose the correct answer)
a- It is because women are intrinsically more productive than men;
b- It is because men and women cannot be interchangeable. Thus, having more women and men in the labor market producing different stuff can boost total production.
c- Because men and women’s talents can be interchangeable and complement each other. This diversity can increase GDP growth.
d- Because lower male labor force participation enhances GDP growth.
c
Do you think that the provision of appropriate infrastructure such as safe transportation, toilet facilities affect boys and girls equally? Explain.
No
What is Gender Budgeting?
A process through which gender considerations are incorporated in all steps of the public finance management framework.
List 3 reasons why women have lower access to credit than men
- self-selection out of credit markets
- more risk averse
- less financial literacy
- less collateral
List three potential legal barriers to financial inclusion
- right to enter a contract
- right to obtain official identification
- right to be the head of the household