General Trends and Macroeconomic Outcomes
Which gender gap typically persists as economies develop (among market and non-market outcomes)?
Gender pay gap
What are Gender Sensitive Fiscal Policies?
a. Policies that specifically target women.
c. Policies that target gender inequality.
b. Policies that target men and women equally.
c. Policies that target gender inequality.
What is Gender Budgeting?
A process through which gender considerations are incorporated in all steps of the public finance management framework.
According to Sahay & Čihák (2018), how can we extend credit to more women without threatening financial stability?
Stronger, high-quality regulatory and supervisory frameworks help enormously in reducing the trade-off between financial inclusion and bank stability (Sahay & Čihák, 2018)
Give two examples from constitutional law and civil rights that could affect gender gaps in the economy?
•Legal rights related to citizenship, right to vote, freedom of movement
•Political participation by women
•Access to Justice for women
Which developing region is characterized by the highest level of gender inequality, according to most aggregate indices?
SSA
Which of these can cause an implicit gender bias in tax policy? Explain for full points.
(a) There are gender differences in asset ownership.
(b) There are specific tax laws that explicitly treat men and women differently.
(a) There are gender differences in asset ownership.
Implicit gender bias may occur if policies do not consider that people of different genders face different socioeconomic realities.
Thus if tax policies on assets do not consider that there are gender differences in asset ownership, there will be an implicit gender bias (or it will not be gender neutral).
A regressive tax policy could impact a women's decision to work or not and, if she works, how many hours she chooses to work. Explain why.
A regressive tax policy penalize low income earners, typically women.
The high cost due taxes may disincentivize women from working full-time or working at all. This becomes even more critical if we consider the potential additional costs associated with contracting care work.
Which of these indicators measures the relative usage of financial services by females versus males.
a. Outstanding amount of male-owned / female-owned deposits (or loans) as a percent of GDP.
b. Share of male/female depositors (or borrowers) at commercial banks in male/female adult population.
c. Proportion of female depositors (or borrowers) in total depositors (or borrowers).
d. Proportion of female deposit (loan) accounts in total accounts.
a
List two sources of legal inequalities
Cultural norms and belief systems.
Plural legal systems.
Inherited laws.
Reducing gender inequality is desirable in its own right, but it can also bring important macroeconomic benefits. For instance, closing the gender gap in labor force participation rate could boost GDP growth significantly. Why? (choose the correct answer)
a- It is because women are intrinsically more productive than men;
b- It is because men and women cannot be interchangeable. Thus, having more women and men in the labor market producing different stuff can boost total production.
c- Because men and women’s talents can be interchangeable and complement each other. This diversity can increase GDP growth.
d- Because lower male labor force participation enhances GDP growth.
c
Conditional cash transfers: explain how this fiscal policy could impact inter-generational mobility of girls (250)
Is conditionality essential for cash transfers to impact inter-generational mobility of girls? Hint: we discussed this case study during the lecture. (50)
CCTs decrease vulnerability of households to economic shocks and increase the likelihood that girls will stay in school.
Conditionality is not always essential for cash transfers to have an impact: we discussed an experiment in Morocco that shows that cash transfers can positively impact girls’ enrollment in school even if the program has no conditionality and even if transfers are given to fathers instead of mothers.
Which of these tools examine the impact of programs on gender inequality?
a. Gender Budget Statement
b. Gender Impact Assessment
c. Gender Budget Circular
Answer: gender impact assessment
Gender Budget Statement = guide allocation decisions, keep the government accountable, communicate the intended impact of the budget on gender.
Gender Budget Circular = contains instructions to government agencies on how to incorporate gender objectives into budget submissions.
List 3 reasons why women have lower access to credit than men
- self-selection out of credit markets
- more risk averse
- less financial literacy
- less collateral
List three potential legal barriers to financial inclusion
- right to enter a contract
- right to obtain official identification
- right to be the head of the household