Transcription
This type of RNA molecule carries a genetic message from the DNA to the protein-synthesizing machinery of the cell
What is messenger RNA
These molecular complexes facilitate the linking of amino acids into polypeptide chains, and are the sites of translation
What are ribosomes
The flow of information from gene to protein is based on this - the genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain written in DNA as a series of nonoverlapping, three-nucleotide words
What is a triplet code
This process removes large portions of the RNA molecule and reconnects the remaining portions
What is RNA splicing
These mutations are changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene
What are point mutations
This enzyme pries the two strands of DNA apart and joins together RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand
What is RNA polymerase
This RNA molecule translates codons along an mRNA molecule into a polypeptide chain
What is transfer RNA
The mRNA nucleotide triplets are called these
What are codons
This complex - made of proteins and small RNAs - removes introns during RNA splicing
What is a spliceosome
This substitution is the replacement of one nucleotide and it’s partner with another pair of nucleotides
What is a nucleotide-pair substitution
The DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription is known as this
What is the promoter
This particular nucleotide triplet base-pairs to a specific mRNA codon
What is an anticodon
This DNA strand provides the pattern, or template, for the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
What is the template strand
The noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions are called these
What are introns
This type of mutation transforms one codon into another that is translated into the same amino acid - and has no observable effect on the phenotype
What is a silent mutation
The stretch of DNA downstream from the promoter that is transcribed into an RNA molecule is called this
What is a transcription unit
The correct matching up of tRNA and amino acid is carried out by a family of related enzymes called these
What are aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases
Substitutions that change one amino acid to another one are called these
What are missense mutations
These proteins mediate the binding of RNA polymerase and the initiation of transcription
What are transcription factors