Regulation
DNA Replication
Transcription
Translation
Misc.
100
What are operons made of?
A combination of coding sequences of genes as well as regulatory dna sequences that control the transcription of the operons
100
DNA strands contain one old strand and one new strand. What is this called?
Semi-conservative
100
What is the central dogma?
The process of DNA being converted into RNA being converted into a protein
100
What are the three steps of translation?
Initiation, Elongation, Termination
100
In gel electrophoresis, which DNA fragment go the furthest in the gel?
The smallest ones
200
How does the corepressor work?
it binds to the repressor which binds to the operator of the operon so that the operon can be turned off
200
Are DNA strands parallel or antiparallel? How does each strand DNA run (sugars)?
Antiparallel; 5' to 3'
200
What takes out introns from the pre-mRNA?
Spliceosomes
200
Use the wheel to determine what the amino acid chain is:
mRNA: AUG UUC GCA AAA GAC UAA
START PHE ALA LYS ASP TER(STOP)
200
What is transformation in biotechnology?
The process by which bacterial cells take up foreign DNA from external sources
300
What molecules are encoded by genes in the genome often called regulatory genes?
regulatory proteins
300
What is the sliding clamp?
it holds the DNA Polymerase III in place
300
What are the 2 differences between DNA and RNA?
1. RNA has an extra hydroxyl on the 2' carbon
2. Thymine is in DNA; Uracil is in RNA
300
Where are polypeptides built?
Ribosomes
300
What is topoisomerase?
The enzyme that keeps DNA from supercoiling
400
What acts as the glucose sensor for lac operon to turn on? Why does it need a sensor?
catabolite activator protein (CAP); so it can only turn on when it's needed
400
What is the purpose of Okazaki Fragments?
They are the fragments made by the lagging strand because the DNA polymerase can only move from 5' to 3'. The DNA polymerase has to make jumps and those jumps create the fragments.
400
Why is splicing not a waste of resources and energy?
alternative splicing allows for more than one mRNA to be made from the same gene by using different exons to make mRNA strands
400
What are the A/P/E sites?
P site: where the tRNA starts
A site: where the amino acids bind together to form a peptide bond
E site: where the tRNA exits the ribosome
400
T/F (correct if false): the positive charge is located at the well-size of the gel so that the DNA moves towards the more negative charged end.
F: the negative end it located near the wells so the DNA fragments move away from it because they are attracted to the positive charge
500
Give an example where there are high quantities of tryptophan. What does tryptophan do?
turkey; makes you tired
500
T/F (correct if false): The DNA Polymerase uses another enzyme to check its work.
False: they proofread their work and remove the incorrect nucleotides themselves
500
How is Ebola a "transcription machine"
Ebola transcribes over and over until it takes over the cell - it takes over ribosomes and builds its own proteins, which construct new Ebola viruses
500
What does the STOP codon do to halt the translation process?
It enters the ribosome, which triggers a series of events that separate the chain from its RNA and allow the polypeptide chain to exit the ribosome by using water to break the bond
500
Who is Dolly?
The first mammal cloned.
She was a lamb and lived until she was 6.
Fun Fact: she had the same birthday as Isabella's aunt.