Prokaryotic Gene Expression
Prokaryotic Gene Expression
Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Eukaryotic Gene Expression
Viruses
100
This is the name for a functional set of genes with all regulatory mechanisms involving promoter gene, operator gene, and structural genes
What is an operon
100
This protein binds to the PROMOTER region of an operon to initiate transcription of desired set of genes
What is RNA Polymerase
100
This type of chromatin is densely packed and not usually expressed
what is heterochromatin
100
What DNA sequence is found in the promotor region of genes in eukaryotic cells?
What is the TATA box
100
These viruses infect bacteria
What are bacteriophages or phages
200
This protein binds to the operator in order to block attachment of RNA polymerase, thus preventing transcription of genes
What is a Repressor (p295 book)
200
Repressible enzymes generally function in (anabolic vs. catabolic pathways
What is anabolic
200
This type of chromatin is loose, allowed to be transcribed, and its genes are usually expressed
What is Euchromatin
200
What is removed from the mRNA in the nucleus after transcription before it can be sent out to the ribosome?
What are introns
200
This cycle leads to the death of host cell. It is relatively rapid, leads to production of new phages, and ends with the bacterium lysing (breaking open).
What is the lytic cycle
300
This molecule binds to a repressor in order to ACTIVATE the repressor
What is a Corepressor
300
Inducible operons generally function in (anabolic vs. catabolic pathways)
What is catabolic
300
DNA is wrapped by histone proteins to form this combined structure
What is a nucleosome
300
This process adds methyl groups to DNA (usually at the cytosine bases) and silence/decrease transcription
What is DNA methylation
300
This cycle leads to the integration of phage DNA into host DNA. The integrated viral DNA then becomes a "prophage"
What is the lysogenic cycle
400
This molecule binds to the repressor in order to INACTIVATE the repressor. Examples include Lactose.
What is an inducer
400
This operon codes for the the many enzymes in the tryptophan production pathway
What is the trp operon
400
This process of adding acetyl groups to histone groups appears to open up the chromatin structure and promote transcription of DNA.
Removing the acetyl groups appear to condense DNA and decrease transcription of DNA
Histone Acetylation
Mechanism: Acetylation has the effect of changing the overall charge of the histone tail from positive to neutral. Nucleosome formation is dependent on the positive charges of the H4 histones and the negative charge on the surface of H2A histone fold domains. Acetylation of the histone tails disrupts this association, leading to weaker binding of the nucleosomal components
400
These proteins help turn specific genes "on" or "off" by binding to nearby DNA
These include activators to boost a gene's transcription, or repressors decrease transcription.
Groups of these proteins bind to binding sites called enhancers and silencers can turn a gene on/off in specific parts of the body.
What are transcription factors (p301)
400
Phages capable of using both the lytic and lysogenic cycle is called ___
what are temperate phages
500
when glucose is present, cAMP is scarce, and CAP is unable to stimulate the lac operon to increase production of lactose processing enzymes. How does the presence of cAMP include CAP?
cAMP activates CAP, which stimulates transcription of lac operon at a faster rate
500
This operon codes for the many enzymes that breaks down lactose. Enzymes include Beta-galactosidase, permease, transacetylase
What is the lac operon
500
This region on the DNA is located far upstream of the promoter, and rate of gene expression can be strongly increased or decreased by binding of transcription factors to the region.
What are enhancers (p301)
500
Proteins used during gene expression to turn genes 'on'
what are Transcription factors
500
Retroviruses use this enzyme to transcribe their viral RNA into DNA to integrate into host cells
What is reverse transcriptase