DNA/RNA Structure
DNA/RNA Structure & Function
Protein Synthesis I
Protein Synthesis II
Gene Regulation
Mutations and Biotechnology
Miscellaneous
100
Triple points
This is what DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
100
A section of DNA that provides the code to build a protein
gene
100
Enzymes, which are a type of protein, usually end with what suffix?
-ase
100
Identify the two main processes in protein synthesis in the correct order.
1. transcription
2. translation
100
What do prokaryotes use to control their gene expression?
operons
100
What are the two main types of mutations?
gene mutations and chromosome mutations
100
Triple points
DNA has a ___________ shape made of two strands that are ___________, meaning they are oriented in opposite directions.
double helix
antiparallel
200
What are the building blocks (monomers) that compose DNA and RNA?
Nucleotides
200
What makes up the “sides” of the DNA ladder?
Alternating sugar and phosphate molecules
200
What type of RNA is usually made by transcription?
messenger RNA (mRNA)
200
What type of chart is necessary for translating mRNA into amino acids?
mRNA codon chart
200
This type of operon is usually off but can be turned on if a particular substances shows up in the prokaryote's environment.
inducible operon
200
What type of mutation is a nondisjunction?
chromosome mutation
200
Triple points and point donation
The genetic code is ____________ because most codons code for more than one _____________.
redundant, amino acid
300
A relatively weak bond that forms between the two nitrogen bases holding the two sides of the DNA molecule together.
Hydrogen Bond
300
DNA _______ genetic information and ________ it to the next generation of cells and organisms.
stores
transmits
300
What type of RNA is involved in translation by bringing the correct amino acid to the ribosome?
tRNA
300
Where and at which organelle does protein synthesis take place in eukaryotes?
cytoplasm, ribosome
300
Special proteins in eukaryotic cells that help RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region of a gene. These proteins can be general or specific to certain tissues.
transcription factors
300
Many types of biotechnology involve the manipulation of which fundamental biological molecule?
DNA
300
A sequence of three nitrogen bases is called a _____ and is the code for one _____ which is the building block of proteins.
Codon
Amino Acid
400
The sugar found in DNA is______. The sugar found in RNA is ______________
deoxyribose, ribose
400
Identify the parts of the nucleotide
1 = phosphate
2 = sugar
3 = nitrogen base
400
Double points
What are ribosomes made of?
rRNA and proteins
400
The first mRNA codon is called the _____ codon and its bases are always ______. The last mRNA codon is called the _____ codon and there are three of them.
start
AUG
stop
400
This type of operon is usually on but can be turned off if the prokaryote can get the essential substance from its environment.
repressible operon
400
Double points and point donation
These small, circular bits of DNA called _______ evolved in prokaryotes like bacteria to increase their genetic diversity, but have become very important in biotechnology as a way of transferring genes between species, which makes them _________ for specific genetic information.
plasmids, vectors
400
Point donation
The region on DNA where RNA polymerase binds in order to transcribe a gene.
promoter
500
Name the three components of the nucleotides that compose DNA and RNA.
sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base
500
What about DNA, specifically, determines the specific proteins and traits found within each organism?
the order of bases
500
The purpose of mRNA is to carry the protein-building instructions from ______ in the ______ to a ______ located in the _______.
1. DNA
2.nucleus
3.ribosome
4.cytoplasm
500
Translate the following sequence of mRNA into amino acids.
AUG GAU UUU CGU ACC UAA
Met/Start Asp Phe Arg Thr Stop
500
Prokaryotes have ______ chromosomes that are relatively small, whereas eukaryotes have multiple _______ chromosomes that are larger.
circular
linear
500
Which two types of gene mutations often lead to frameshifts?
deletions and insertions
500
Groups of genes clustered together in prokaryotes' genomes that are under a single control mechanism and that produce proteins with similar functions.
operons
600
What is the base pair rule for DNA and RNA?
DNA: A--T, C--G
RNA: A --U, C--G
600
In eukaryotes, DNA is wrapped around _______ proteins. The more tightly the DNA is wrapped, the _____ accessible it is for _______.
histone, less, transcription (expression)
600
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
600
Write the flow chart that describes the genetic code.
(Name the 2 parts of protein synthesis and the 3 biomolecules involved in the correct order.)
DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into a protein.
600
Different types of cells within ________ eukaryotes have different patterns of gene _______ which results in the specialized _______ and functions of each cell type.
multicellular
expression/regulation
structures
600
This new biotechnology was discovered in bacterias' immune systems. Scientists have manipulated it so that it can make precise cuts in the DNA of all species, including humans.
CRISPR
600
Covalent bonds that connect amino acids
peptide bonds
700
Retroviruses use _____ as their main genetic information. This means that when they infect a host cell they must use the enzyme _______ to synthesize viral DNA in order to create more viral RNA and proteins.
RNA, reverse transcriptase
700
1. Identify the three main types of RNA involved in gene expression.
2. Identify the two types of RNA involved in gene regulation after transcription has occurred.
1. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
2. miRNA (MicroRNA), siRNA (Small Interfering RNA)
700
Transcribe the following DNA strand:
TTC TAC TGG
AAG AUG ACC
700
What is the most fundamental level of gene regulation in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
transcription
700
Describe where and what an enhancer region of DNA does.
Enhancer regions are sequences of DNA that are far from the gene that they help to control. Regulatory proteins like transcription factors can bind to them in order bring them closer to the gene they regulate, which will then increase or decrease the genes expression.
700
_______ gene transfer refers to the passing of genes from parent(s) to offspring, while _________ gene transfer refers to the passing of genes between organisms that are not related, which primarily occurs in prokaryotic species like bacteria and archaea.
vertical
horizontal
700
Identify the main events of RNA processing.
*A 5' cap and poly-A tail are added to mRNA
*Introns are removed and exons are spliced together