Injuries
What are the 3 most common injuries in sports?
1. Strain or sprain
2. Fracture
3. Contusions (bruises) and abrasions (scrapes)
What are ligaments?
Ligaments connect bone to bone; provide stability to joints; usually injured as result of acute trauma; injury may result in stretching or rupture of the ligament
What's the difference between a strain and a sprain?
Strain = injury to muscles or tendons
Sprain = injury to ligaments
Name the 6 types of open injuries
1. Abrasion
2. Laceration
3. Avulsion
4. Crush injury
5. Puncture
6. Amputation
List the 4 types of diagnostic imaging
1. X-Rays = image of bones
2. CT scan = images of bones from different angles
3. Ultrasound = used high-frequency sound to produce an image and evaluate soft tissues
4. MRI = uses strong magnets and radio frequencies to produce an image and evaluates deeper and complex soft tissues
What is an injury?
Tissue damage
What are tendons?
Tendons are connective tissues that attached muscle to bone; it's function is to transfer force from muscles to the skeleton; can experience both acute and chronic/overuse injuries; inflammation = “itis” (e.g. tendonitis)
What is a tear?
Tears = tendon, ligament, and muscle ruptures; common symptoms are pain and swelling; you may also hear or feel a pop when you tear the tissue.
Name 5 types of bone fractures
Greenstick fracture (partial fracture)
Transverse facture (complete fracture through the bone)
Comminuted fracture (shattering of the bone)
Spiral fracture (complete fracture through the bone on an angle due to twisting of the bone)
Compound fracture (complete fracture where the bone goes through the skin)
R.I.C.E.
R (rest)
I (ice)
C (compression)
E (elevation)
Explain what an acute injury is and name 3 symptoms
Acute injuries happen suddenly often from falls, blows, or the forceful twisting of a joint.
Symptoms include:
What is cartilage?
Cartilage covers the surfaces of most joints; its function is to absorb shock, increase joint stability, and facilitate movement; too much loading may lead to osteoarthritis; limited ability to repair itself after an injury
Explain what tendinitis is
Tendinitis = the inflammation of a tendon (attaches muscle to bone), often affecting shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, or ankles. Tendinitis can be caused by a sudden injury, but it usually results from repetitive motion and overuse.
What is a dislocation and what are the 3 types of shoulder dislocations?
Dislocation= a complete separation of two bones where they meet at a joint. This injury can be very painful and can temporarily deform and immobilize the joint. The most common locations for a dislocation are shoulders and fingers, but can also occur in elbows, knees and hips.
Types of shoulder dislocations
1. Normal anatomy
2. Anterior dislocation (anterior=front of the body)
3. Posterior dislocation (posterior=back of the body)
Ice
Ice is used for acute injuries where there is swelling/inflammation; ice decreases blood flow in the area to decrease inflammation and decrease pain; ice numbs the area to decrease pain; always use a cloth between your skin and ice (or cold pack) so you don’t damage skin cells through frostbite; ice is great for a strain, sprain, tear, fracture, tendonitis, or joint inflammation.
Heat
Heat is used for chronic injuries; heat increases blood flow to the area to bring oxygen and nutrition to help cells and tissues heal; if you use heat on an already inflamed area, it increases inflammation and causes increased pain; it is best to use moist rather than dry heat by using a moist towel with your heat source to help the heat penetrate deeper into the tissues; heat is great for chronic issues such as muscle soreness and tightness and many forms of arthritis.
***If you are not sure whether to ice or heat, choose ice as you can’t go wrong with ice, whereas heat may cause increased swelling and pain.***
A chronic injury is a result from overuse and develop over time
Symptoms include:
What are bones?
Bones are hard structures that provide body shape, protect organs, produce blood cells, and act as levers for movement; injuries are often acute fractures from too much force but may be stress fractures caused by repetitive micro-trauma to bone.
What is a contusion?
Contusion = closed wound from direct blow (internal bleeding and bruising)
Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Pain is a real experience.
Pain is a complicated warning system to protect you from harm. When you stub your toe or break a bone, your nervous system sends signals to your brain, which then decides how much danger there is. If it decides the signals are worth paying attention to, the pain volume is cranked up until the problem is resolved; if not, pain is put on mute.
What are the 3 healing phases?
1.Inflammation
2.Repair
3.Remodelling
Name 2 risk factors for sports injuries
What are muscles?
Muscle’s job is to generate force to move the body; provides active stability to joints. possible injuries: strains (“pulls”), contusions (direct blows), lacerations (cuts), and ruptures; athletes often notice immediate pain, swelling or internal bleeding.
Explain in simple terms what a concussion is
Concussion = a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or by a hit to the body that causes the head and brain to move rapidly back and forth. May also have a contusion (bleeding and bruising within the brain).
How can you treat chronic pain?
1. Chemically (medications)
2. Behaviourally (endorphins, dopamine, oxytocin)
3. Psychologically (increase pain knowledge, change perspective, positive thinking, positive mindfulness
What is the biopsychosocial model of pain?
The connection between pain and your brain.
There is a direct link between your brain and your pain. Neuroscientists are now beginning to understand this connection and how your brain can help curb your pain.