Intro to Chemistry
How many electrons are required to fill the 2nd shell of an atom?
8
What are the charges of the two atoms in a nonpolar covalent bond?
Neutral
Which property allows water not to spill from a cup that is completely full?
Cohesion
Define monomers.
The smaller molecules that make up a biomolecule.
Name the two types of nucleic acids.
DNA and RNA
What is the atomic mass of nitrogen?
*You may use the periodic table
14.0067
Define hydrogen bonding.
Two molecules bonding together by their opposite electrostatic charges.
Why does ice float?
Ice less dense than water because there is more empty space occupying it, so it floats.
Define polymers.
The larger molecules in a biomolecule, made up of smaller monomers.
Define amino acids.
The building blocks of proteins.
What are valence electrons?
Electrons found the outermost or valence shell.
Define polar covalent bonds.
Two atoms sharing electrons unequally and creating partial positive/negative charges.
Why does water take longer to boil than other substances?
Because the hydrogen bonds are so strong, it takes more movement of molecules/heat to break them up and heat up the water.
Name one monosaccharide.
Glucose, fructose, or galactose.
Define a polypeptide.
A single, straight chain of amino acids.
20, 20, 22
What is an ion?
An atom that has lost or gained electrons.
What happens to salt (NaCL) when you mix it with water (H2O)?
The hydrogen bond of H2O will pull apart the ions in the ionic bond of NaCl and dissolve the salt into the water.
Name one carbohydrate.
Starch, glycogen, cellulose, or chitin.
Define enzymes.
A protein that speeds up other chemical reactions without itself getting consumed.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element (or, atoms with the same number of protons) but a different number of neutrons.
Define Van der Wall bonds.
Van der Waal bonds are bonds between nonpolar or moderately polar atoms that create fleeting positive or negative charges that can temporarily stick with other fleeting positive or negative charges.
What happens if you try to mix water (H2O) with an oil that has a nonpolar covalent bond?
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats are denser because there are no kinks in their chains of molecules. Unsaturated fats are less dense/more liquid because of one or more kinks in their chains of molecules.
Name and describe one of the four structures of a protein.
Primary: The sequence of amino acids in a single chain
Secondary: The folding pattern of the chain, usually alpha or beta helix
Tertiary: The fully formed 3D structure
Quaternary: The structure of multiple proteins bonded together