General Biology Exam 2

Protists

100

These are the 3 domains of life (one contains protists)

Eukarya (contains protists), archaea, and bacteria

200

This is the unofficial definition of a protist

An organism that does not fall into plantae, fungi, or animalia

300

Name the three ecological interactions under symbiosis and describe each one

Mutualism - both species benefit

Commensalism - 1 species benefits and the other is not harmed

Parasitism - 1 species benefits and the other is harmed

400

These are the names of the 4 super groups of Eukaryotes

SAR clades, excavata, Archaeplastida, Unikonta

500

Describe the three different types of organisms by their energy source and carbon source that were covered in lecture

Photoautotroph - light + inorganic compounds (CO2, HCO3-)

Chemoheterotroph - organic compounds + organic compounds

Mixotroph - photoautotroph when light is abundant + chemoheterotroph when light is scarce

Fungi

100

Fungi reproduce using this method

Spores

200

Fungi come in these two body structures

1) Unicelular yeasts

2) Multicellular filaments

300

Describe the roles of hyphae, septum, and mycelia in fungi structure 

Hyphae - filaments of fungi

Septum - separation between individual cells of hyphae

Mycelia - Networks of hyphae

400

Describe asexual and sexual reproduction of fungi

Asexual reproduction occurs when haploid spores germinate to form large mycelia structures

Sexual reproduction occurs when two mycelia fuse cytoplasm (plasmogamy) then fuse nuclei (karyogamy) to produce a zygote --> zygote undergoes meiosis to produce more spores which can then germinate to form new mycelia networks

500

Name the advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction in fungi

Asexual:

1) Rapid return to absorption phase

2) Ability to disperse spores quickly and over great distances

3) Preferred in good conditions

Sexual:

1) Requires a fruiting body

2) More resistant to harsh conditions

3) Introduces variation

4) More common in bad conditions

Plant structure

100

Name the term and forms for switching between the two types of plants

Alternation of generations between gametophyte and sporophyte

200

Name the two types of seeded plants and where they house their gametophytes

Gymnosperm - cones

Angiosperm - flowers

300

Name the 3 major organs of plants and give one type of each

Root - air, root hair, prop, buttress, storage, aerial

Stem - Rhizomes, stolon, tubers

Leaf - maple, oak, birch (you don't need to know leaf types for the exam)

400

If a plant has a solute potential of 3mPa and a pressure potential of 5mPa, name the water potential of the plant

8mPa

500

Name the 3 main modes of transportation through roots to the vascular cylinder and describe them in 1 word

Apoplastic - between

Symplastic - through (aquaporins)

Transmembrane - through (not using aquaporins)

Plant reproduction

100

Fill in the blank: the male microspore is the ________ and the female megaspore is the ________

Microsporangium; megasporangium

200

Name the male and female reproductive parts of a plant

Male: stamen containing anther and filament

Female: carpel containing stigma, style, and ovary

300

Describe how pollen gets to the ovule

Pollen tube forms and travels down the female style before it reaches the ovules

400

Give 6 examples of how seeds are spread

Airborne, wings, animal transportation, fecal transportation, tumbleweeds, burrowing

500

Name advantages and disadvantages of asexual plant reproduction

Advantages:

1) No need for pollinator

2) 100% of genes passed on

3) Offspring less frail

Disadvantages:

1) Less resistant to changing environments

2) Less able to disperse

3) Less diversity

Misc

100

Name what seedless vascular plants millions of years ago are now

Coal

200

Name a reason why genetic engineering is beneficial to humans

Allows greater productivity with population numbers on the rise

300

Name a way we can create a new symbiosis to destroy another

Infect mosquitoes with Wolbachia

400

Describe the process of how an organism can have 3 membranes

1) Primary endosymbiosis

2) Secondary endosymbiosis

500

Name the 3 main root responsibilities vs the 3 main stem responsibilities

Root:

1) Mineral and water absorption

2) Soil anchoring

3) Nutrient storage

Stem:

1) Support leaves

2) Allow water and nutrient transit from leaves to roots and back

3) Nutrient storage