Chapter 4 - Consciousness
What does REM and NREM stand for?
What is Rapid Eye Movement and Non-Rapid Eye Movement
Involves reflexes, learning through automatic, involuntary responses.
What is classical conditioning?
Information-processing model
The overall mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others
What is cognition?
Trained dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell.
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
The rhythm associated with the sleep-wake cycle
What is circadian rhythm?
The learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Knowledge of language and school learning (relatively permanent)
Personal memory of your daily life and personal history (autobiographical memory) not readily
available to others
What is Semantic and Episodic memory?
Parieto-frontal integration theory
What is the theory that suggests that intelligence is
centered mostly in the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.
At what point can a memory be changed?
At all stages (incoming, store, and retrieval)
Heightened state of suggestibility
Heightened state of suggestibility
These terms stand for: UCS - UCR - CS - NS and CR
What is Unconditioned Stimulus - Unconditioned Response - Conditioned Stimulus - Neutral Response - Conditioned Response
In order for a memory to be more likely remembered the memory must...
Have our attention is focused on it,
We are interested in it,
It arouses us emotionally,
It connects with previous experience
If we have rehearsed it.
Usefulness of IQ tests
IQ tests are generally valid for predicting academic success and job performance.
What type of memory is least likely to decay or be remembered incorrectly?
What is a flashbulb memory?
This is generated by a set of action potentials in the
communication among neurons just sufficient to produce a specific perception, memory, or experience in our awareness.
What is consciousness?
Works by presenting a motivating/reinforcing stimulus to the person after the desired behavior is exhibited, making the behavior more likely to happen in the future.
What is positive reinforcement?
Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia
Loss of memory from the point of some injury back in time, memories of the past.
Loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to
form new long-term memories… type of memory loss most often seen in senile dementia - severe
forgetfulness, mental confusion, & mood swings.
Difference between TBI and CTE?
TBI - Traumatic Brain Injury (can be anything from a mild to major concussion, show general concussion symptoms)
CTE - Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (can take several weeks or months to notice, usually more severe than TBI, can lead to severe complications, usually due to multiple TBI's)
Can IQ influence the amount of false memories or decay of memories that someone may experience?
No!
Theories of why we sleep include...
What is Adaptive Theory of Sleep (evolved because we were avoiding predators) and the Restorative Theory of
Sleep (sleep is needed to repair, restore, and de-toxify)?
Occurs when a certain stimulus (usually an aversive stimulus) is removed after a particular behavior is exhibited. The likelihood of the particular behavior occurring again in the future is increased because of removing/avoiding the negative consequence.
Bonus: Give an example!
What is negative reinforcement?
Bonus: Bob does the dishes (behavior) in order to stop his mother’s nagging (aversive stimulus).
Places in the brain that memory is stored.
Nondeclarative (implicit) memories [skills, habits, conditioned responses, etc., knowledge that must be demonstrated like tying your shoes] - cerebellum
Short-term memories - pre-frontal cortex (the very front of the frontal lobe)
Fear memories - amygdala [located near the hippocampus]
Crystalized versus Fluid Intelligence
Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use knowledge that was previously acquired through education and experience
The more you retrieve a memory the more you remember.
(t/f)
False, you actually become more confident of false information, which gives the feeling of remembering more.