History, Scope, and Research Strategies
What makes a study "empirical", or an empirically-based approach to research?
Evidence-based method that draws on observation and experimentation
If I give a child $5 for saying please and thank you, this is considered ____________ in operant conditioning.
Positive reinforcer
A simpler thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently is a ______________
Heuristic
The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions is called ____________
Emotional intelligence
What is phrenology?
The study of bumps on the skull to reveal a person's mental abilities and character traits
Correlation does not equal _________
Causation!
This is also known as "social learning" - an example is Bandura's Bobo the clown doll experiment
Observational learning, or modeling
We use ________ to help us solve problems - these include methodical, logical rules or procedures that guarantees solving a particular problem.
Algorithms (ex: recipe)
The argument of ____________ intelligence is that if you're good at one thing, odds are you're good at other related things too - at the core of all mental abilities is an intelligence that measures every task on an intelligence test
General (or g) intelligence
Name one of the three parts of the brain in the limbic system, or the system associated with emotions and drives
Amygdala; hippocampus; hypothalamus
What is today's definition of psychology?
The science of behavior and mental processes
A type of learning in which we link two or more stimuli
Classical conditioning
Linguistic __________ is the idea that words influence our thinking (basically, words come before ideas).
The knowledge that is accumulated over time and increases with age is called ___________ intelligence
Crystallized
Which bodily system’s primary role is to secrete hormones into the bloodstream through what is considered a “slow” chemical communication system
Endocrine system
Name the three research methods we talked about in this course
Descriptive, correlational, experimental
Sometimes we yawn when we see others yawn, or we copy a person we see on TV that we admire. When this happens, _________ neurons fire in the brain.
Mirror
When we make decisions about someone based on how well they seem to match particular prototypes (basically resting on our assumptions and stereotypes), we use the __________ heuristic, or shortcut, to decision making.
Representativeness
What is the most commonly used intelligence test?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) or the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
Phineas Gage had damage to the ________ part of his brain, which is responsible for judgment, planning, and impulse control.
Frontal lobe
Create an experiment: (1) research question, (2) hypothesis, (3) IV, (4) treatment group, (5) control group, (6) DV, (7) one or two important confounding variables to account for
Experimental research, yeah!
Give an example of a (1) positive reinforcer, (2) negative reinforcer, (3) positive punishment, and (4) negative punishment
Context: a parent and a child
Positive reinforcer: applies output to increase behavior
Negative reinforcer: removes output to increase behavior
Positive punishment: applies output to decrease behavior
Negative punishment: removes output to decrease behavior
The __________ of the brain helps control language expression, while the ___________ part of the brain helps with language comprehension and understanding.
Broca's area; Wernicke's area
Name 4 of the 8 multiple intelligences, according to Gardner's theory
Musical; bodily-kinesthetic; interpersonal; verbal-linguistic; logical-mathematical; naturalistic; intrapersonal; visual-spatial; and musical
If someone had damage to their cerebellum, what symptoms might that person experience?
Nonverbal learning; skill memory; processing sensory input; coordinating movement output and balance; helps us judge time; control emotions; discriminate sounds and textures