RNA
When DNA is copied from the nucleus to make a protein, it is turned into what first so that it can leave through what?
What is the name of one long DNA chain with associated proteins
Chromatin
Transcription
Daughter DNA
The main principal of Cell Theory of cell theory?
Cells do not appear spontaneously; they arise from other cells via cellular division. This is crucial to understanding the process of growth, development, and healing.
Why is Uracil used in RNA instead of Thymine?
Thymine is easily oxidized, but with DNA its easily protected inside the nucleus.
The stand of DNA coiled around histone proteins is called what?
Nucleosome
The second step involves removing unnecessary components of the mRNA strand. What is this step called and what is the name of the components that are removed?
Splicing; Introns
DNA Polymerase
Which phase is the longest and is described as when the chromosomes are arranged along the cell's midline.
Metaphase
the t in tRNA stands for what
Transfer RNA
During cell division, chromatin threads coil tightly and condense into structures called what? How many of these structures do each of our cells have?
Chromosomes; 46 (23 pairs)
Name the steps of protein synthesis from DNA to Protein.
DNA --> Transcription --> mRNA --> Translation --> Protein
What is the protein that binds the 2 DNA strands back together after they've been replicated
Ligase
Which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? (Be specific)
Can you think of the other steps to this phase?
S phase of interphase
G1: cells perform regular functions, organelles prepare for next steps
G2: Proteins required for cellular division are rapidly produced and centrosomes are replicated.
What is the name of the molecule produced by the transcription process? What's the name of the molecule produced by the splicing process?
Pre-mRNA; mRNA
When DNA is changed due to a mistake in replication or exposure to harmful agents it is called ________, which can cause a change in _____ ________ or cause issues like cancer.
Mutations; Gene Expression
During which step of protein synthesis are the codons of an mRNA matched with the anticodon of a ribosome? Where does this occur, and what do each anticodon code for?
Translation; Ribosomes; Specific amino acids
What is the name of the protein that unzips the double helix structure of DNA? This creates what's known as a __________ ______ and it is allows both strands to be replicated simultaneously.
Helicase; Replication fork
During which step of the cell cycle do spindle fibers begin to form and attach to the centromere of each sister chromatid
Prophase
In the ribosome during the transcription step of protein synthesis, each codon is paired with an ________ which is part of the _______
A segment of DNA nitrogenous that determines specific sequence of amino acids in a protein is called what?
What are the different DNA nitrogenous bases?
A gene
A, T, G, C
What are the steps of Translation and what happens at each step?
Initiation: by binding of ribosomal subunits to mRNA along with an initiator tRNA
Antiparallel Synthesis
In which phase do sister chromatids become sister chromosomes by them splitting?
What is the process of editing the newly copied mRNA by removing unnecessary components called
Slicing, the step in between transcription and translation.
Each chromosome is made up of a pair of identical copies called what? They are connected to one another by a section called what? What connects to this section during cell division?
Sister Chromatids; Centromere; spindle fibers from centrosome
What are the steps of transcription and what happens at each step
Initiation: Promoter region with binding of transcription factors and RNA polymerase
Elongation: Building of pre-mRNA from template DNA strand
Termination: When last DNA triplet in gene is reached
AFTERWARDS: splicing out introns
When new DNA molecules are being synthesized from a parent DNA molecule, each new daughter DNA molecule retains 1 strand from the parent. What is this called?
Semiconservative DNA replication
There are two major phases of the cell cycle which can then be further broken down into sub-phases. What are they and what are their phases?
Interphase:
G1:
S1:
G2:
Mitosis Phase:
Prophase:
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase: