Inheritance
How many alleles of a dominant trait do you need for that trait to be present?
1
What 3 things make up a nucleotide?
A base and a sugar phosphate backbone (which is phosphate + deoxyribose sugar)
What is the only source of new alleles?
Mutation
What's a gene?
A section of DNA that codes for a protein.
What did Nek Minit guy leave outside the dairy?
His scooter
In which type of dominance is a new intermediate phenotype created from only two alleles?
Incomplete dominance
Which four bases make up DNA?
guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine
Name something external that could cause a mutation.
These are called mutagens. E.g. radiation, UV light, thalidomide, chemicals in general.
What's a mutagen?
Something that can cause mutations
What school did Francis go to?
Whangarei Boys High School
In cases of complete dominance, if you cross a homozygous recessive individual with a heterozygous individual, what will be the predicted genotypic ratio of the offspring?
1:1, 2:2, 50%... heterozygous and homozygous recessive.
What's a triplet?
A set of three bases (or nucleotides) that is read together & codes for an amino acid?
What is one reason that mutations are good? What is one reason they're bad?
Good: gneetic diversity. Bad: harmful mutations, lethal mutations.
What is a homologous pair?
A pair of matching chromosomes (same # chromosome, one from each parent)
What's the name of the takahē we visited at Zealandia?
Orbell
If a trait is visible in a family tree, but not in every generation, what type of dominance does this show?
What happens in translocations?
Translocations are a type of chromosomal mutation. One section of a chromosome is removed and attaches to a different chromosome.
What two features of meiosis contribute to genetic diversity? What do they mean?
Independent assortment: chromosomes line up on the centre of the cell (metaphase plate).
Crossing over: sections of the sister chromatids swap with each other, creating new combinations of alleles.
What's the difference between a centromere and a chiasma
centromere = the point where two sister chromatids meet in a chromosome
chiasma = the point where two sister chromatids cross during crossing over only
What did Chris Hipkins accidentally say when he was talking about how it's hard to get out and about during lockdown?
Spread your legs
B, AB, A (1:2:1).
Codominance (AB)
Recessive (O)
Describe what happens in frameshift mutations (which types are frameshift? What happens to the DNA?)
Insertions and deletions are frameshift mutations as they shift the reading frame (all bases move over one, so triplets all change)
Describe the number of chromosomes in a cell during meiosis I.
(Or if you talked about chromosome pairs then 23, 46, 23).
What's the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.
Sexual: 2 parents, creates diversity
Asexual: 1 parent, creates clones
What's the te reo term for genetics?
Mātai iranga