Concept 1
Place the components in order, from smallest to largest.
1. Chromosome 2. DNA nucleotide 3. Codon 4. Gene
2-3-4-1
In humans, where does transcription take place?
Nucleus
Two similar chromosomes that you inherit from your parents (one from your mother and one from your father) are called
homologous chromosomes
Explain what might happen if the mRNA is mutated during transcription.
If mRNA is mutated, it may carry the wrong instructions to the ribosome, and may result in the wrong polypeptide being made in translation.
In which phase of meiosis would certain gene segments of the homologous pairs of chromosomes "crossover" and exchange genetic information?
Prophase I
The main difference between the four nucleotides that make up DNA is that they have different...
bases
During transcription, what does mRNA do?
It delivers DNA’s instructions for making proteins.
Which cells are NOT formed during meiosis?
somatic cells
If the mRNA strand has the codon “AUG” what two things (be specific) would you expect to find on the corresponding tRNA?
Amino acid = Methionine on one end
Anticodon = UAC on the other end
In humans, somatic cells contain ____ chromosomes.
46
A portion of this DNA, known as a(n) ________, is responsible for the inheritance of a trait, like eye color or blood type in humans.
gene
The sequence of ________________ in a DNA molecule determines the protein that will be produced.
nucleotides
A sperm cell of an octopus has 14 chromosomes. What is the total number of chromosomes that should be present in a stomach cell of the same octopus?
28
What do epigenetics and mutations have in common? How are they different?
Both are heritable changes in gene expression.
Mutations change the actual DNA
Epigenetics just changes how the DNA gets expressed (NOT the actual DNA).
Which event takes place during anaphase II of meiosis?
Sister chromatids separate.
Before a cell can divide, it must copy its DNA one ___________ at a time in a process called DNA replication.
nucleotide
What is the central dogma (main idea) of genetics / biology?
DNA to RNA to polypeptide (or protein)
Compared to the number of chromosomes contained in a body cell, how many chromosomes would normally be contained in a gamete?
half as many
Why is RNA polymerase important for the cell?
It brings complementary RNA base pairs when making mRNA during transcription so that the instructions can be carried out of the nucleus!
Which event takes place during metaphase I of meiosis?
homologous chromosome pairs line up in middle of cell
Explain the differences between purines and pyrimidines, list the purines and pyrimidines, and explain which bond together
Purines = big bases = Guanine and Adenine
Pyrimidines = small bases = Cytosine and Thymine
A double bonds to T, C triple bonds to G
Transcribe and Translate the following strand of DNA
T A C T T T G C G A T G G C T A T T C A G A C T
mRNA: A U G A A A C G C U A C C G A U A A G U C U G A
amino acids: Met - Lys - Arg -Tyr - Arg - stop
Both male and female gametes are created during the process of meiosis. The formation of male gametes or sperm is called spermatogenesis. After telophase II of spermatogenesis, there would be ___(#)____ male gametes created that are all genetically ___(unique/similar)_____.
4; unique
List 2 main roles DNA Polymerase plays in DNA replication
brings complementary DNA base pairs, replaces RNA primers, proofreads and checks for incorrect nucleotides
Contrast the purpose of meiosis and mitosis and state what is produced from each process.
mitosis: is for growth and repair, produces 2 identical diploid somatic cells
Meiosis: makes cells with 1/2 the DNA for making babies, produces 4 unique haploid gamete cells