Foundations of Genetics
This Mendelian process explains why heterozygous diploid organisms produce gametes carrying only one allele per locus.
What is segregation?
This Mendelian process explains why heterozygous diploid organisms produce gametes carrying only one allele per locus.
What is segregation (of traits)?
Traits measured on a numerical scale and influenced by multiple loci typically fall into this category.
What are quantitative traits?
In DNA, these two nitrogenous bases form three hydrogen bonds with each other.
What are guanine and cytosine?
The protein complexes around which eukaryotic DNA is wrapped to form chromatin.
What are histones?
Independent assortment fails when genes exhibit this physical relationship on a chromosome.
What is linkage?
Independent assortment fails when genes exhibit this physical relationship on a chromosome.
What is linkage?
This type of inheritance produces continuous phenotypic variation even when individual genes show discrete alleles.
What is polygenic inheritance?
A mutation in which a purine replaces another purine is classified as this.
What is a transition?
Clue: The enzyme that extends chromosome ends in germ cells and many cancer cells.
What is telomerase?
This chromosomal feature allows X and Y chromosomes to pair and recombine during male meiosis.
What is the pseudoautosomal region?
This chromosomal feature allows X and Y chromosomes to pair and recombine during male meiosis.
What is the pseudoautosomal region?
Genomic regions statistically associated with phenotypic variation in complex traits are known as these.
What are quantitative trait loci (QTLs)?
This DNA repair pathway specifically corrects mismatched bases that escape proofreading during replication.
What is mismatch repair?
The semi-conservative nature of DNA replication results in daughter molecules composed of this combination.
What is one parental strand and one newly synthesized strand?
The inheritance pattern in which alleles at different loci assort independently only when separated by sufficient recombination distance.
What is independent assortment of unlinked genes?
The inheritance pattern in which alleles at different loci assort independently only when separated by sufficient recombination distance.
What is independent assortment of unlinked genes?
The term describing how the same genotype can produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions.
What is phenotypic plasticity?
A base analog that increases mutation rates by mispairing during DNA replication due to tautomeric shifts.
What is 5-bromouracil?
Clue: The meiotic stage during which homologous chromosomes, not sister chromatids, separate.
What is anaphase I?
The genetic principle explaining why a dihybrid cross deviates from a 9:3:3:1 ratio when loci are physically close.
What is genetic linkage reducing recombination frequency?
The genetic principle explaining why a dihybrid cross deviates from a 9:3:3:1 ratio when loci are physically close.
What is genetic linkage reducing recombination frequency?
Population-level differences in allele frequencies that reflect evolutionary processes such as drift, migration, and selection.
What is population-scale genetic variation?
The mutation class that can completely alter downstream amino acid sequence without introducing an early stop codon.
What is a frameshift mutation?
Clue: The chromosomal abnormality resulting in one X chromosome and zero Barr bodies in humans.
What is Turner syndrome (45,X)?