Meiosis
How many daughter cells are produced by meiosis?
4
What is nondisjunction?
Uneven separation of chromosomes during meiosis
Which type of reproduction requires only one parent?
Asexual reproduction
What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?
Genotype is pair of alleles represented with letters, phenotype is the physical characteristic that appears
What does it mean when genetics are "non-mendelian"?
One type of allele does not have complete dominance over the other; no "dominant" allele vs "recessive" allele; both alleles are present in phenotype in some way
Are the daughter cells produced by meiosis identical or different from the parent cell?
What two things can result from nondisjunction?
Trisomy/extra chromosome, Monosomy/missing chromosome
What is one benefit of sexual reproduction?
Genetic variation
What phenotype shows up with a heterozygous genotype?
Dominant phenotype
What does incomplete dominance mean?
One allele is not completely dominant over the other, something in between the two alleles shows up (ex: red flowers and white flowers make pink flowers)
Does meiosis produce gametes or somatic cells?
Gametes
If nondisjunction occurs in Meiosis 1, what percentage of the daughter cells will have a mutation?
100%
What is one benefit of asexual reproduction?
Fast and low energy
What is the only genotype that would make the recessive phenotype appear?
Homozygous recessive
Neither allele is completely dominant over the other, both alleles show up in the phenotype, ex: black cow and white cow produce cow print/black and white patches
Does meiosis produce diploid cells or haploid cells?
Haploid cells
If nondisjunction occurs during Meiosis 2, what percentage of daughter cells will have a mutation?
50%
Does asexual reproduction produce genetically unique or genetically identical offspring?
Genetically identical
Green leaves are dominant in tomato plants. Yellow leaves are recessive. A heterozygous tomato plant (Tt) is crossed with a yellow tomato plant. Draw a Punnett Square to represent this cross.
Four potential offspring, 2 heterozygous, 2 homozygous recessive
A red horse and a white horse produce a roan horse with red and white patches. Make a Punnett square that crosses 2 roan horses.
RW x RW = RR, WW, RW, RW
What is crossing over, and when does it occur in meiosis?
Chromosomes swapping DNA, occurs in Prophase 1
A cell has 8 chromosomes in its diploid cells. Diagram meiosis with nondisjunction happening in Meiosis 1.
Give an example of an organism that reproduces asexually and an example of an organism that reproduces sexually
Asexual: bacteria, certain plants
Sexual: Certain plants, animals
If a homozygous dominant organism is crossed with a homozygous recessive organism, what percentage of the offspring would display the dominant phenotype?
100% (All heterozygous!)
A red flower and a blue flower cross to create a purple flower. Show a Punnett square of a cross between a purple flower and a red flower, then find what percentage of offspring would be red, what percent would be blue, and what percent would be purple.
RB x RR = RR, RR, RB, RB
50% red, 0% blue, 50% purple