Microbial Genetics
What happens during a frameshift mutation?
a nitrogenous base is taken out of the sequence, completely changing the following amino acids.
What is a virion?
A complete virus particle that is capable of delivering its genome into the host cell for reproduction
Describe difference between antibiotics and antimicrobial drugs.
Antibiotics = naturally produced, effects bacteria
Antimicrobial drugs = drug, effects microbes in general
Both have inhibitory or killing effects on microbes.
T/F; amphotericin B is antibacterial drug
FALSE; it's antifungal
Why one may be asked whether allergic to eggs before receiving a vaccine?
For animal viruses, we use embryonated eggs to create vaccines. There may be egg remnants in the vaccine.
What does the Ames test detect?
Potential mutagens and carcinogens
What are the three structural components a virus CAN have?
DNA/RNA,
Protein coat (capsids, capsomeres,)
Envelope/Non-enveloped
Order these from least selective to most:
- Antimicrobial drugs
- Antiseptics
- Disinfectants
Antiseptics
Most = antimicrobial drugs
Which drug competes of guanosine triphosphate?
Acyclovir
Put these in correct order from MOST to LEAST harmful to humans:
- Folic acid synthesis
- DNA/RNA synthesis
- Peptidoglycan
NAME THE PROCESS: cells transfer DNA in a solution to bacterium/yeast.
Transformation
Name the 6 stages of multiplication for the influenza virus.
Binding,
Penetration
Uncoating
Biosynthesis
Assembly
Release
What do B-lactam rings bind and inactivate?
penicillin-binding proteins (PBP), which act as peptidases
How does sulfa drugs/TMP inhibit folic acid synthesis?
Inhibits the two enzymes responsible for folic acid synthesis
• dihydropteroate synthetase
• dihydrofolate reductase
Fluoroquinolones are ineffective against anaerobes. Why would this be important/beneficial to us, humans?
Most normal microbiota are anaerobes! They protect us.
Conjugation
What is the function of protease for HIV?
What does vancomycin bind to in the peptide chain?
Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole (synergize OR antagonize) with/against each other?
Synergize! They both inhibit the two enzymes of the folic acid pathway
Which of these materials are needed for PCR? (MULTISELECT)
A. primers
B. RNA polymerase
C. 4 Deoxynucleoside triphosphate (e.g. dATP)
D. All the above
Only A and C
PCR requires primers and 4 Deoxynucleoside triphosphate
(You need DNA polymerase, not RNA)
Transformation, transduction, conjugation etc. would be an example of lateral/horizontal transfer or vertical transfer?
Lateral/horizontal transfer
___ is an acellular organism with no DNA/RNA.
prions
Name the FIVE classes/targets of antibacterial drugs?
Fluoroquinolones inhibit bacterial DNA gyrase.
What does DNA gyrase do?
Prevents supercoiling when unraveling ds-DNA
Why is it important to consume the full amount of antimicrobial drugs prescribed?
You need to make sure the pathogens are all killed off.
Otherwise, remaining pathogens may gain drug resistance and continue to infect.