Biotechnology
How do you visualize PCR amplification?
By running a gel electrophoresis
What are co-dominant alleles?
When both alleles of a pair are fully expressed in a heterozygote
What is the product of natural selection?
Adaptation
The percentage of nucleotide A in DNA isolated from human liver is observed to be 30.7%. What is the expected percentage of
Cytosine
19.3%.
What are changes to the base sequence of DNA called?
Mutations
What are plasmids
small circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the bacterial chromosome.
What happens when a rhesus negative mother conceives a rhesus positive baby and miscarries?
There will be an immune reaction and the body makes antibodies (called anti-D antibodies) against the RhD+blood cells.
What is Natural Selection?
•Natural selection is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype.
How does Transcription and translation differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously in the cytoplasm without RNA processing, while in eukaryotes, transcription happens in the nucleus with splicing, before translation occurs separately in the cytoplasm.
What does tRNA do?
Brings complimentary amino acids during translation to build protein and facilitates peptide bond formation
What is reverse transcription PCR?
molecular technique used to detect and quantify RNA by converting it into complementary DNA (cDNA) and amplifying specific DNA sequences.
If 98 out of 200 individuals in a population express the recessive phenotype, what percent of the population are heterozygotes?
42%
Give three types of mutation de Vries found that occurred in plants?
Which of them follow Mendel's law?
(a)Progressive - Introducing a wholly new character and generally resulting in the formation of new species.
(b) Retrogressive - Loss of a trait.
(c) Digressive - Activation of a trait which is long latent in a species.
de Vries found retrogressive and digressive mutations as following Mendel's law, while progressive mutations did not follow Mendel's law.
What are the three ways in which genetic information can flow.
DNA replication
Transcription
Translation
What is Atavsim? Give two examples
The sudden reappearance of an ancestral characteristic is known as atavism or reversion.
1. Occurrence of tail.
2. Cervical fistula
How do you determine gene function using Biotechnological methods?
•disable the gene and observe the consequences.
•Using in vitro mutagenesis, mutations are introduced into a cloned gene, altering or destroying its function.
•When the mutated gene is returned to the cell, the normal gene’s function might be determined by examining the mutant’s phenotype.
A population of rabbits may be brown (the dominant phenotype) or white (the recessive phenotype). Brown rabbits have the genotype BB or Bb. White rabbits have the genotype bb. The frequency of the BB genotype is .35.
What is the frequency of heterozygous rabbits?
What is the frequency of the B allele?
What is the frequency of the b allele?
0.48
0.59
0.41
What is assortative mating? Explain.
What happens as a result of it?
•A mating in which mates are selected on the basis of physical or behavioural traits is called non-random mating.
•It is also known as assortative mating.
•Assortative mating of similar or dissimilar genotypes leads to formation of excess of homozygotes or heterozygotes, respectively.
•Any departure from random mating upsets the equilibrium distribution of genotypes in a population.
What do the following enzymes do?
DNA Polymerase -
RNA Polymerase -
DNA Polymerase:
RNA Polymerase:
Within a population of butterflies, the color brown (B) is dominant over the color white (b). And, 40% of all butterflies are white. calculate the following:
0.47.
0.14.
What are the three steps in PCR in sequence? Explain them
1. Denaturation
2. Annealing
3. Extension
A hypothetical population of 10,000 humans has 6840 individuals with the blood type AA, 2860 individuals with blood type AB and 300 individuals with the blood type BB.
What is the frequency of each genotype in this population?
What is the frequency of the A allele?
What is the frequency of the B allele?
If the next generation contained 25,000 individuals, how many individuals would have blood type BB, assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
AA = 0.68 / AB = 0.29 / BB = 0.03
0.83
0.17
750
Give three evidences for evolution from comparative anatomy with examples
Name four characteristics of codons and explain what they mean.
code is degenerate/redundant as a single amino acid may be coded for by more than one triplet. The code is also non-overlapping, i.e., the adjacent codons do not overlap.
•The code is also described as unambiguous, which means that each possible codon can code for one amino acid only during protein synthesis.
•The code is universal across all organisms (with only a few minor exceptions) meaning that the same triplet codes for the same amino acid in every organism.
What is gene flow? What is another name for gene flow?
What does it entail?
Migration
Movement of genes from one population to another.
•Mutation developing in one population may spread to other populations through gene flow. It leads to introduction of new allele in the population.
• Gene flow may prevent evolution by preventing adaptation or accelerate evolution by spreading new genes or a combinations of genes