Meiosis
How many chromosomes do humans have? (2n)
46
What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?
Genotype is an organism’s genetic makeup. Phenotype is the observable physical expression or measurable trait of those genes.
What is genetic drift?
It is the fully randomized fluctuation of allele frequencies within a population.
Where is the majority of DNA located inside a human cell?
The nucleus
What is the sum rule in genetic probability?
It is the probability that two exclusive, separate events will occur.
What are the phases of meiosis?
PMAT 1 and 2 (Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase)
What does it mean if an organism is homozygous versus heterozygous?
Homozygous means both alleles are identical, while heterozygous indicates inheritance of two different versions of that allele.
What is epigenetics?
It is how your environment can influence your epigenome, through chemical modifications.
What is the rule that dictates base pairing in DNA?
Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G)
What does a filled-in shape in a pedigree indicate?
It indicates an affected individual.
Which parts of meiosis help result in genetic variation?
Crossing over and/or independent assortment
How do you calculate the probability of offspring possessing multiple traits at the same time, such as seed shape and seed color?
Using punnett square to multiply the two probabilities together.
What are some of the requirements for Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (list at least 2)?
No mutations, no natural selection, random mating, no migration.
What are the stacks of disk-like structures in the chloroplast called?
Grana, which are made up of stacked thylakoid membranes.
What are most metabolic disorders’ inheritance patterns?
Autosomal recessive pattern.
What is the function of the centrosome in meiosis?
It helps to form spindle fibers, which pull apart chromosomes in anaphase.
Hemophilia is an X-linked recessive trait. If a normal (non-carrier) woman marries a man with hemophilia, what is the probability that their first child will be a daughter with hemophilia?
0%. (All daughters will receive a normal X allele from their father and therefore be unaffected, though they will be carriers).
What's the difference between the founder effect and the bottleneck effect?
The founder effect is when a portion of the population leaves and establishes a new population with new allele frequencies; the bottleneck effect is when an unexpected disaster occurs, quickly shifting frequencies.
What is the role of the Calvin cycle?
The primary role of the Calvin cycle is to convert inorganic carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere into energy-rich organic sugar molecules that plants can use for food and structural growth.
What is this probability approach called?: P= (a+b)^n
Binomial approach.
If an organism begins with 20 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each gamete have after meiosis?
10 chromosomes
In a trihybrid cross between two parents that are heterozygous for all three traits (AaBbCc x AaBbCc), how many different offspring genotypes are expected?
27. (For each gene, there are (3) possible genotypes. Since there are (3) independent genes, you multiply them: (3 times 3 times 3 = 27).
In DNA Acetylation, what is influenced?
It loosens the histone proteins, leading to looser DNA and higher rates of gene expression.
How are DNA molecules packed into chromosomes in eukaryotic cells?
DNA wraps around histone proteins to form structures called nucleosomes, which then coil tightly into chromatin fibers.
What is the role of XIST in X-Inactivation?
It is a non-coding RNA, which wraps around the X-chromosome, pushes away transcription factors, and inactivates the x-chromosome.