population genetics
A change in a DNA sequence
What is a mutation?
A phenomenon first described by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace.
What is natural selection?
When an individual has two different alleles of a trait (heterozygous), the dominant allele will determine the phenotype, while the recessive allele will be masked and not expressed.
What is the law of dominance?
genetic make-up of the individual
What is the genotype?
X-ray crystallographers who contributed to the discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA
Who are Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin?
Refers to diversity in gene frequencies and can indicate differences between individuals or differences between populations.
What is genetic variation?
Random fluctuations in the frequencies of alleles from generation to generation due to chance events (e.g., natural disasters)
What is genetic drift?
True of false: Most genetic variation is found between populations.
False: Most genetic variation is found WITHIN populations.
The physical traits and characteristics of an individual (i.e. the conditions you can see, measure, or diagnose, such as eye color, height, blood pressure, or cancer.)
What are phenotypes?
Who won the Noble Prize for their discovery of the double-helix?
James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins
The total genetic diversity found within a population or a species.
What is a gene pool?
is made up of chemical compounds and proteins that can attach to DNA and direct such actions as turning genes on or off, controlling the production of proteins in particular cells.
What is the epigenome?
Genes for different traits assort independently of one another in gamete production.
What is Mendel's law of Independent Assortment?
This gene trait directly leads to genetic disorders and has a recognizable inheritance pattern.
What are Mendelian traits?
coined the term Eugenics
Who is Francis Galton?
The type of genetic variation that is a result of a change in one nucleotide.
Single-nucleotide variant
A specific combination or pattern of alleles, SNPs, or other DNA variations that tend to be inherited together.
What is a haplotype?
The most genetically diverse continent in the world.
What is Africa.
This gene trait does not have a clear inheritance pattern and confers an increased risk for developing a disorder but does not directly cause it.
What are Multifactorial traits?
The ____ term means "good in birth" or good in stock" and refers to the pseudoscientific theory that claims it is possible to perfect people and groups through genetics and the scientific laws of inheritance.
What is eugenics?
The non-random association of alleles at different loci in a given population.
What is Linkage Disequilibrium?
An idealized state in which allele and genotype frequencies in a population do not change from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
A statistical measure of the amount of genetic variation that is due to population differences.
What is Wright's Fst?
What is approximately the percentage of the human genome that codes for proteins, and what percentage determines gene structure and function?
Approximately 1-3% of human DNA codes for proteins, while the remaining ~97-99% plays regulatory and structural roles. Much of this non-coding DNA was once referred to as “junk DNA.”
The New York lab that hosted the Eugenics Records Office.
What is the Cold Spring Harbor Lab?