Mendelian Genetics
What is Heredity? Give an example of an inherited trait.
passage of genetic information from parent to offspring
Hair color, eye color, height, skin color, type of hair, ...
Explain the difference between exons and introns
coding and non-coding regions of RNA
Explain what happens during metaphase 1 and 2
Chromosomes meet up in the middle
What are chromosomes?
Threadlike structures found in the nucleus made from DNA
What was the name of the animal that was first cloned?
Dolly the Sheep
True or False Recessive trait is always expressed when allele is present in the cell
False Dominant trait
What are the 3 major components of DNA
phosphate group
5 carbon sugar
and nitrogenous base
During what stage does genetic recombination occur?
Prophase I
What is aneuploidy?
Abnormal number of chromosomes 2n+1
What role does the nucleus play in cloning? Why is it important?
The nucleus contains the DNA (genetic information) It is important because this is the DNA that is getting cloned.
What is genetic linkage? give an example
traits located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
hair color and eye color are genetically linked
red hair and freckles
True or False: DNA contains uracil
False: RNA contains uracil
True or False: Meiosis develops diploid cells
What is polyploidy?
3 or more times the haploid number of chromosomes 3n
What is the difference between an oocyte and a zygote?
oocyte is an unfertilized egg
zygote is a fertilize egg
In watermelons, solid green rind color (G) is dominant to stripes (g). A farmer croses two watermelon plants that are heterozygous for rind color. What are the odds that the offspring will have solid green rinds?
1/4
List as many differences as you can between RNA and DNA.
DNA
Contains the sugar deoxyribose
Contains the nitrogen bases adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G)
Pairing: A – T & G – C
Double-stranded
Only one kind
RNA
Contains the sugar ribose
Contains the nitrogen bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and uracil (U) instead of thymine
Pairing: A – U & G - C
Single stranded
Three kinds: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
At the end of Cytokinesis 1, how many cells are produced and are they haploid or diploid?
2 cells --> Diploid
What causes chromosomal abnormalities?
Nondisjunction - when chromosomes fail to separate normally during meiosis.
How can cloned animals have different phenotypes?
The differences is due to the different surrogate mothers and the different nutrition they received, condition of the placenta, and the degree of heat absorbed by the fetus.
In tomatoes, tall vines (T) are dominant to dwarf vines (t), and red fruit (R) is dominant to yellow fruit (r).
A farmer mates a homozygous tall, red tomato plant (TTRR) with a heterozygous tall, red tomato plant (TtRr).
What is the percent chance that the offspring will be dwarf plants with yellow fruit?
0%
Describe the process of protein synthesis.
Transcription: DNA acts as a template and mRNA copies it and travels out of the nucleus
Translation: DNA will be translated to RNA all Thymines will turn into Uracils.
Protein Synthesis: Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds to form a protein.
List the steps of Meiosis in order
Interphase, prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Cytokinesis I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis II.
Explain the difference between Down syndrome, Kleinfelter's syndrome, and Turner's syndrome.
Down Syndrome - Extra (21) chromosome 2n + 1
Kleinfelters Syndrome - Extra X chromosome 2n+1
Turners Syndrome - Missing chromosome 2n-1
List and explain the steps involved in nuclear transfer. (5 steps)
Step 1: Remove DNA (nucleus) from a fertilized egg from 1st animal
Step 2: Choose a somatic cell from second animal
Step 3:Fuse egg and cell by a brief electrical pulse
Step 4:Insert morula into the womb of a surrogate 3rd animal
Step 5: Clone is born (exactly like 1st animal)