Scientists
A group of scientist that further explored an another experiment by adding a various amount of enzymes that can each degrade a macromolecule. Founded that only DNAase sample did not allow transformation, however since proteins were used it can not be said for certain.
Avery, McLeod, and McCarthy
Topoisomerase
Breaks and reforms the backbone transiently to relieve torsional strain on the unwounded DNA.
Replication begins where for an E. coli?
ORIc
What enzyme can you use to terminate transcription?
Rho
What is the master mix of PCR?
2 Different primers, dNTP, MgCl, TAQ polymerase, Buffer
Who published the Double Helix Model of DNA Structure?
Watson and Crick
SSBP
Used to bind to the single stranded DNA during replication to make sure the strand does not rebind with other strand.
DNA polymerase 1 has an additional exonuclease activity, which is it?
5'-3' exonuclease activity
What RNA Polyermase subunit binds to the promoter region of a gene to initiate transcription?
Sigma subunit
What is the master mix of automated dideoxy DNA Sequencing?
TAQ polyermase, MgCl, dNTP, ddNTP, 1 Primer sequence, & Buffer
What did the Double Helix Model of DNA Structure describe about DNA structure?
-Complementary bp
-Dobule stranded and helical shape (make the twisted ladder)
-Frame of ladder consists of alternating PO4-and sugars (Covalet Bonds phosphodiester bonds)
-Inside the bonds are H bonds.
What is the importance of the 3'-5' exonuclease activity that both DNA polymerases contain?
Proofreading capabilities.
What is the complementary strand of DNA: 5'-ATCAT-3'
3'-TAGTA-5'
What is transcription?
Process by which a cell builds an RNA molecule using a DNA template
What is step 2 of PCR and its function?
Annealing
45-60 C
Allows primers to bind to 3' end, and taq polymerase binds to primers and begins synthesizing the strands.
What are the four Chargaff's rules
[Purines] = [pyrimidines]
[A] = [T]
[G] = [C]
[A+T] is not = [G+C]
DNAb
Or helicase, used to break H bonds away from the replication bubble.
What is the semi-conservative model of DNA replication?
Model describes that DNA replicates by breaking the double helix and allowing for each parent strand to bind to it's newly replicated strand.
Given the template strand: 5'-ATGCTTCCG-3' what is the RNA sequence?
3'-UACGAAGGC-5'
What is the main difference between automated dideoxy DNA sequencing and Sanger sequencing?
Use of Fluorescence ddNTP for automated and use of radioactive labeled ddNTP for Sanger, and must be ran in different lanes.
Which scientists utilized X-ray diffraction and what does it do?
Franklin and Wilkins, x-ray diffraction is used to provide a general shape/outline of a molecule.
What reaction is used to release energy to power the polymerase reaction?
The hydrolysis of pyrophosphate
What enzyme is bypassed when step 1 of PCR occurs (denaturation)?
Helicase since the 95 C temp breaks apart the double helix
What two properties of the hairpin loop allows it to terminate transcription?
High density of A (only 2 H bonds easier to fall of) and the structure of the hairpin produces friction allowing it to fall off
What gel must one use for an automated dideoxy DNA sequencing?
Polyacrylamide gel: this gel is used because it is sensitive to changes in mass of single nucleotide differences.