Gene Mutationzzz
Genetics Analysis and Stuff
Genomics and Proteomics
Epigenes!
Developmental Gene Ethics :)
100
1. Frameshift mutations are caused by the __________ or __________ of one or more nucleotides in DNA. a. chemical modification b. removal c. reversion d. insertion e. suppression
What is insertion and removal?
100
What are the three components of an effective cloning vector?
What is Origin of replication, Unique restriction site (Has only one recognition site), Selectable marker, (Antibiotic resistance)
100
______________________ are single-base differences in DNA between individual organisms and are valuable as markers in linkage studies. Individual organisms may also differ in the number of copies of DNA sequences, called copy-number variations.
What is Single-nucleotide polymorphisms?
100
T/F .... *Epigenetics is the study of changes to the structure of DNA and chromatin, but not to DNA sequence. These changes can also be caused by environmental factors and are not passed down to future generations. * Epigenetics changes bring about Female X inactivation.
What is False; True?
100
In wild-type flowering plants, carpel development is determined by what class of gene products? a. A gene products b. A + B gene products c. B + C gene products d. C gene products e. A + C gene products
What is D?
200
List at least four different types of DNA repair.
What is Mismatch, Direct repair, Base excision, Nucleotide excision?
200
Briefly describe the Polymerase chain reaction:
What is.... a method for amplifying DNA enzymatically without cloning. A solution containing DNA is heated, so that the two DNA strands separate, and then quickly cooled, allowing primers to attach to the template DNA.
200
Fill in blanks: a. The set of all proteins encoded by the genome is called the _______ . b.__________________ is concerned with the RNAs and proteins encoded by the sequences determined by the structural genomic studies. The purpose is to determine which parts of the genome encode RNAs and proteins as well as functions of each RNA or protein.
What is proteome; functional genome?
200
What is genomic imprinting? How does it arise?
What is Expression of some genes can be strongly influenced by the parent from which the genes were inherited; these genes are on autosomes; Due to different degrees of methylation of genes from the parents?
200
T/F: *Both excessive and absence of apoptosis can cause diseases. *The Mexican tetras fish that Dr. Zhang mentioned in class develop eyes whether or not they grew up in a cave or near the water’s surface.
What is true; false?
300
T/F: Insertions and deletions can arise from strand slippage in replication or from unequal crossing over (T)
What is true?
300
How does a genomic library differ from a cDNA library? How is each created?
What is ....A genomic library is generated by cloning fragments of chromosomal DNA into a cloning vector. Chromosomal DNA is randomly fragmented by shearing or by partial digestion with a restriction enzyme. A cDNA library is made from mRNA sequences. Cellular mRNAs are isolated and then reverse transcriptase is used to copy the mRNA sequences to cDNA, which are cloned into plasmid or phage vectors?
300
Copy-number variations.… a. Are not caused by deletions b. encompassed large regions of DNA sequence c. Do not alter phenotypes d. Contain few genes
What is B?
300
Eukaryotic genomes are typically much larger than prokaryotic genomes. What accounts for the increased amount of DNA seen in eukaryotic genomes?
What is.... The increased amount of DNA in eukaryotic genomes is due mostly to the increased amount of non-coding DNA, sometimes referred to as “junk” DNA, in introns and intergenic regions and to transposable elements. A relatively minor contribution to increased genome size is that eukaryotes generally encode more genes.?
300
In apoptosis enzymes called ________ cleave others like it to activate more caspase enzymes. They then cleave and degrade other essential proteins in the cell. These enzymes will also activate _______, which leads to cell death.
What is Caspases; DNAse?
400
Explain how an individual with a suppressor mutation can be a double mutant but express a wild-type phenotype.
What is ....A suppressor mutation is a mutation that occurs at a different site from an original mutation but acts to suppress the original mutation and restore the wild-type phenotype. Suppressor mutations cancel out the effects of a previous mutation?
400
Two copies of DNA undergoes 42 cycles of PCR. How many copies of DNA would you have after this process?
What is ...After n rounds of replication, 2^n copies of the target sequence are theoretically produced. Thus, with two copies of DNA :(2*42)^2
400
How are SNP’s used to search for genes causing disease?
What is ....When a SNP is physically close to a disease-causing locus, it will tend to be inherited along with the disease-causing allele. People with the disease will tend to have different SNPs from those of healthy people. A comparison of SNP haplotypes in people with a disease and in healthy people can reveal the presence of genes that affect the disease-ausing gene can be determined from the location of associated SNPs?
400
How does Childhood stress relate to Epigenetics?
What is...Early stress effects (humans) Childhood abuse more likely increase methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene and/or shorten telomere length Lasting epigenetic effect through adult Lead to behavioral abnormality?
400
What is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
(1) Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is usually initiated by the cell itself. Apoptosis is essential to development and embryogenesis in animal and plant cells. In fact, most multicellular animals cannot complete development if the apoptosis process is blocked. (2) Necrosis is the process of cells dying in an uncontrolled, unregulated manner after they are injured?
500
Which of the following pairs of sequences might be found at the ends of an insertion sequence? (1) 5'—GGGCCAATT—3' and 5'—CCCGGTTAA—3'. (2) 5'—AAACCCTTT—3' and 5'—AAAGGGTTT—3'. (3) 5'—TTTCGAC—3' and 5'—CAGCTTT—3'. (4) 5'—ACGTACG—3' and 5'—CGTACGT—3'.
What is pairs 2 and 4?
500
A genetic engineer wants to isolate a gene from a scorpion that encodes the deadly toxin found in its stinger, with the ultimate purpose of transferring this gene to bacteria and producing the toxin for use as a commercial pesticide. Isolating the gene requires a DNA library. Should the genetic engineer create a genomic library or a cDNA library? Explain your reasoning
What is The engineer should create a cDNA library. Bacteria cannot splice introns. If the engineer wants to express the toxin in bacteria, then she needs a cDNA sequence that has been reverse transcribed from mRNA, and therefore has no intron sequences?
500
What is the difference between orthologs and paralogs? a. Orthologs are homologous sequences; paralogs are analogous sequences. b. Orthologs are more similar than paralogs. c. Orthologs are in the same organism; paralogs are in different organisms. d. Orthologs are in different organisms; paralogs are in the same organism.
What is...D?
500
How is the X chromosome deactivated?
What is.... Inactive Xist RNA (noncoding) initiated chromosome inactivation. Xist spreads from its transcription site over the X chromosome and triggers formation of repressive chromatin (polycomb repressor complex)?
500
Why are prairie voles faithful, while meadow voles cheat?
What is ...Prairie voles are monogamous and have 428-bp 5’UTR in AVPR1a while are Meadow voles promiscuous lack of 428-bp 5’UTR.?
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