Meiosis
When chromatids on separate homologous chromosomes exchange genes
What is chromosomal crossover?
Part of the pistil where pollen lands to pollinate a flower
What is the stigma?
A type of chromosomal mutation that can occur during meiosis and can cause some forms of viable aneuploidy in a zygote after fertilization
What is nondisjunction?
Phenotypic ratio of a single-trait cross between two heterozygous individuals
What is 3:1?
The formula to calcuate degrees of freedom
What is the number of catagories minus 1?
sister chromatids separate during this phase
What is anaphase II?
Part of the stamen that produces pollen
What is the anther?
3 ways that sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in a population
What is chromosomal crossover, independent assortment, and random fertilization?
Phenotypic ratio of a single-trait cross between one heterozygous and one homozygous recessive individual
What is 1:1?
What is 7.815?
the type of cell that goes through meiosis
What is a diploid germ cell?
The true-breeding P generation plants all had this genotype
What is homozygous?
The structure formed from four sister chromatids during chrossover
What are tetrads?
The genotype of all offspring of a two-trait cross between an organism that is homozygous dominant for both genes and an organism that is homozygous recessive for both genes
What is heterozygous for both genes?
The null hypothesis
What is there is no significant change between the observed and expected result?
The number of chromosomes and chromatids in a human cell after meiosis I
What are 23 chromosomes and 46 chromatids?
The hybrid F1 generation plants all had this genotype
What is heterozygous?
The law of heredity that describes the phenotypic outcome of a heterozygous genotype
What is the law of dominance?
The gamete alleles listed on each side of a punnet square in a cross between AaBb and Aabb
What is (AB, Ab, aB, ab) on one side and (Ab, ab) on the other side?
We can conclude this if the chi squared value is greater than the critical value
What is reject the null hypothesis?
The process that results in uneven cell division to enable enough cytoplasm for the zygote
What is oogenesis?
The method that Mendel used to produce the F1 generation from the P generation
What is cross-pollination?
The law of heredity that is the reason for using the FOIL method before performing a two-trait cross (except for linked genes)
What is the law of independent assortment?
The typical phenotypic ratio of a dihybrid cross
What is 9:3:3:1?
We can conclude this if the chi squared value is less than the critical value
What is cannot reject the null hypothesis?