Mendelian Genetics
What cellular process explains Mendel's law of segregation?
Meiosis
ABO blood groups are an example of ___________.
codominance
cluster of genes functionally related are controlled by a single "on"/"off" switch
What is an operon?
Viruses _____ reproduce or carry out metabolism outside of a host cell.
cannot
amplifies specific regions of a genome
has three phases: denaturation, annealing, extension
What is PCR?
Describe the general genotypic and phenotypic ratios of a cross of two heterozygous parents.
Genotypic ratios:
25% XX, 50% Xx, 25% xx
Phenotypic ratios:
75% dominant trait, 25% recessive trait
The farther apart on the same chromosome genes are, the ___________ they are to separate during recombination.
more likely
solution administered into the bloodstream with a weakened/dead strain of a virus for the body to produce a tolerance to the virus in the production of highly specific antibodies
What is a vaccine?
used to visualize the size of PCR products
involved in the Western blot process
What is gel electrophoresis?
alleles of different genes (e.g., Ss and Yy ) assort into gametes independently of each other
What is the law of independent assortment?
(# of recombinant progeny)/(total progeny)
How do you calculate recombinant frequency?
When tryptophan is present, the repressor is _____ and the operon is ______.
active; off
environmental, fecal/buccal, blood-borne, vectors, sexual, airborne respiratory micro droplets
What are some modes of viral transmission?
Highly polymorphic
useful for genetic mapping and DNA fingerprinting
What are STRs?
an unknown genotype is crossed with a known homozygous recessive genotype
What is a testcross?
Two genes on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together
linkage
inducer that inactivates the lac repressor generated from the gene lacI
What is allolactose?
RNA-dependent DNA polymerase
error prone (poor proofreading activity)
What is the reverse transcriptase?
DNA cutting enzymes
each one has a unique recognition sitecan make staggered or blunt cuts
What are restriction enzymes?
What is the probability for the seeds of two heterozygous pea plants to be rough and green (ss, yy)?
1/16
Traits that depend on multiple genes combined with environmental influences are called __________
multifactorial
When glucose is low, what happens to cAMP levels?
they increase
Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
What is CRISPR?
What are the three main approaches to treating genetic diseases?
Modifying the disease phenotype with pharmaceuticals
Gene therapy
Stem cell therapy