1) Template of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
2) All four deoxyribonucleoside 5' triphosphates (dNTPs)
3) DNA polymerase and other enzymes and proteins
4) Free 3'-OH group
100
DNA polymerase always elongates chain in which direction?
5' to 3' direction
100
Template strand is always in what direction?
3' to 5' direction
100
True or false: replication is not semidiscontinuous
False
100
What do DNA helicase and DNA gyrase do?
Helicase - seperates 2 DNA strands by breaking hydrogen bonds
Gyrase - travels ahead of replication fork and alleviates supercoiling caused by unwinding
200
For transcription, the template is read in what direction?
3' to 5' direction
200
RNA polymerase: reads DNA in a ________ direction, producing RNA in ___________________
3' to 5', 5' to 3'
200
What are consensus sequences?
Promoters contain short stretch of DNA that are conserved among promoters of different genes
200
mRNA is derived from segments of DNA called _____ ?
Exons
200
Introns are __________. Therefore, introns must be _______ from pre-mRNA to produce mRNA
Transcribed; spliced
300
What is an operon?
Contiguous array in the DNA, operates as a unit utilizing a single transcription start site for multiple genes
300
What is the first step of 5' capping?
A phosphate group must be removed from 5' end of pre-mRNA
300
What did Marshall W. Nirenberg and Philip Leder do?
Developed a technique using ribosome-bound transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to decipher the code
300
What is the start codon?
AUG
300
What amino acid does AUG (start codon) transcribe for?
Methionine
400
What are the 3 stop codons?
UAA, UAG, UGA
400
Do stop codons code for an amino acid?
No
400
How many amino acids are there?
20
400
What is an open reading frame?
Portion of DNA molecule that when translated into amino acids, contains no stop codons
400
What are the prokaryotic requirements for translation?
mRNA template, tRNA, amino acids, ribosomes, many accessory proteins, and energy provided by GTP hydrolysis
500
What is the RNA protein complex called?
Ribonucleoprotein
500
What are the 3 sites on the ribosome called?
A-site, P-site, and E-site
500
If crossing over occurs within an inverted region, will there be nonviable gametes?
Yes
500
What are 2 origins of aneuploidy?
Nondisjunction in meiosis or mitosis, and deletion of a centromere that leads to chromosome loss
500
A diploid gamete plus another diploid gamete produces what?