Cambodia
Who was the leader of the Khmer Rouge?
Pol Pot (Saloth Sar).
Which two major ethnic groups were involved in the Rwandan Genocide?
Hutu and Tutsi.
Which country launched military operations in East Pakistan in 1971?
Pakistan (West Pakistan)
What larger country was Bosnia part of before gaining independence?
Yugoslavia.
Which Indigenous group was most heavily targeted during the Guatemalan Genocide?
The Maya, particularly the Ixil Maya.
What was the name given to the Khmer Rouge vision of restarting Cambodian society?
Year Zero.
What event on 6 April 1994 triggered the start of the genocide?
The shooting down of President Juvénal Habyarimana's plane.
What was the name of the military crackdown that began the genocide?
Operation Searchlight.
Which ethnic group was primarily targeted during the Bosnian Genocide?
Bosniaks (Bosnian Muslims).
Who led the military government during the height of the genocide?
Efraín Ríos Montt.
Why did the Khmer Rouge evacuate Phnom Penh in April 1975?
They believed cities were corrupt and wanted the population relocated to the countryside for agricultural labour.
What role did RTLM radio broadcasts play during the genocide?
RTLM spread hate speech, dehumanised Tutsis, encouraged violence, and revealed locations of victims.
Identify two groups that were specifically targeted during the Bangladesh Genocide.
Bengalis, particularly Bengali nationalists, intellectuals, and Hindus.
What happened at Srebrenica in July 1995?
More than 8,000 Bosniak men and boys were systematically executed by Bosnian Serb forces.
What was the "Scorched Earth" campaign?
A military strategy involving the destruction of villages, crops, homes, and communities suspected of supporting guerrillas.
What was the difference between "Old People" and "New People" under Khmer Rouge rule, and how did this affect their treatment?
"Old People" were rural peasants who had lived in Khmer Rouge-controlled areas before 1975 and were considered loyal to the revolution. "New People" were former city residents who were viewed as influenced by capitalism and foreign ideas. As a result, "New People" faced harsher conditions, greater surveillance, and were more likely to be persecuted.
Explain how Belgian colonial rule contributed to the development of ethnic tensions in Rwanda.
Belgium favoured Tutsis, introduced ethnic identity cards, and institutionalised divisions that had previously been more fluid.
Explain how political tensions between East and West Pakistan contributed to the outbreak of violence.
East Pakistan won the 1970 election but was denied political power by West Pakistan, leading to unrest, military intervention, and mass violence.
Explain how the collapse of Yugoslavia contributed to the Bosnian Genocide.
The breakup of Yugoslavia encouraged nationalism, increased ethnic tensions, and created opportunities for Serbian expansionism.
Explain how anti-communist fears contributed to violence against Indigenous Maya communities.
The government assumed many Maya communities supported rebels and therefore treated them as enemies of the state.
To what extent did the Vietnam War contributed to the rise of the Khmer Rouge?
The Vietnam War was a significant factor in the rise of the Khmer Rouge. US bombing campaigns displaced millions of Cambodians, weakened confidence in the government, and contributed to instability. Other factors such as Sihanouk's overthrow, the Cambodian Civil War, and Khmer Rouge ideology also played important roles.
Why do many historians argue that the Rwandan Genocide was planned rather than a spontaneous reaction to the president's assassination?
Historians point to the speed and organisation of the killings, the existence of kill lists, the rapid establishment of roadblocks, and the involvement of government officials and militias as evidence of prior planning.
To what extent can the Bangladesh Genocide be seen as both a political and ethnic conflict?
It was political because it aimed to suppress Bengali demands for autonomy, but it was also ethnic because Bengalis and Hindus were specifically targeted due to their identity.
Evaluate the effectiveness of the international community's response to the Bosnian Genocide.
The response was ineffective initially, as UN safe zones failed to protect civilians, though NATO intervention later helped end the conflict.
What was the significance of the 2013 trial of Efraín Ríos Montt for understanding the Guatemalan Genocide?
The trial was historically significant because it recognised the suffering of Indigenous Maya communities and represented one of the first times a former head of state was tried for genocide in his own country. Although the conviction was later overturned, the trial helped establish historical accountability and brought international attention to the genocide.