Sustainability
Define sustainability
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future
Evidence for pangea
Jigsaw fit, fossil evidence, mountain evidence, evidence of the same glaciers
Types of industry and examples
Primary - resource extraction, example forestry and mining
Secondary - making products from resources, examples manufacturing and construction
Tertiary - providing services, majority of jobs, examples teaching, healthcare and retail
Quaternary - research and technology, examples scientists and software developers
Quinary - industrial and government decision making, examples municipal, provincial, federal governments
Stakeholders for oil sands
First Nations are against it due to contaminated water and high levels of rare autoimmune diseases in their communities
Corporations support them and provide jobs for workers and their families
Environmentalists are against oil sands due to deforestation and climate change
Governments support oil sands but say they’re willing to change
Local residents are partially against oil sands due to illnesses, but some are for it because of employment
What are the smart growth principles?
1. Mixed land use
2. Compact building design
3. Various housing options
4. Walkable neighborhoods
5. Attractive communities
6. Preserving farmland and natural resources/open space
7. Direct development to existing communities
8. Transportation options
9. Cost effective development
10. Stakeholder collaboration
Issues with cosmetics
Majority of cosmetics and products for the body are made with toxic chemicals
Landform regions info
Canadian Shield (Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Northwest Territories, Nunavut) - Made of large amounts of rock and minerals, largest landform
Western Cordillera (BC, Yukon) - Mountain ranges by the coast, logging
Interior Plains (Northwest Territories, Alberta, Saskatchewan) - Rich soil and grain farmland, most oil exports
Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands (Ontario) - Smallest region, highest population
Arctic and Hudson Bay Lowlands (Northern Ontario and Nunavut islands) -
Appalachian Mountains (Newfoundland and Labrador, eastern maritimes) - Old eroded mountain region
Innuitian Mountains (Northern Nunavut) - Cold mountain region without much vegetation
Types of logging
Clear cutting - completely removing each tree from an area
Shelterwood cutting - similar to clear-cutting, but leaves patches of trees so that seeds can fall and spread for new growth
Selective cutting - only cutting down few mature trees of desired type, size and quality
Types of mining
Strip mining - used to extract minerals close to the surface, (oil, gravel, coal, sand)
Open pit - minerals close to the surface that may extend deep into the earth (copper, diamonds, granite, gypsum, limestone, marble)
Underground mining - used to extract ores located deep in the earth (zinc, silver, copper, nickel, tin, lead)
What are the categories for cities to be evaluated on?
Affordability, population growth, taxes, crime, weather, health, amenities, community involvement, internet quality
Issues with fast food and fast fashion
There is a large amount food and clothes that go unused, even though there are a lot of people who are suffering due to not having enough food or water. Even clothes that are donated are not usually sold.
There was a company that gave unused food for free, because some of it is discarded just due to its shape or size.
Locations of all the Great Lakes and water features (Hudson Bay, James Bay, Bay of Fundy, Great Bear Lake, Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg, Ottawa River, St. Lawrence River)
Lake Michigan is bottom left, Lake Superior is top left, Lake Huron is middle, Lake Erie is bottom right, Lake Ontario is top right
Hudson Bay is large and above James Bay
Bay of Fundy is to the left of Nova Scotia, Great Bear Lake is above Great Slave Lake, Lake Winnipeg is northwest Manitoba
Ottawa River is on the border between Quebec and Ontario, St. Lawrence River connects to it going between the two provinces
Issues with agriculture, forestry, fishing, water, and mining
Agriculture - Exploitation of migrant workers, loss of farmland, the changing farm, waste
Forestry - soil erosion due to too few replanted and roots, clogged rivers, invasive insects, pollution, forest fires, habitat loss
Fishing - Newfoundland cod endangerment,
Water - Overconsumption, bottled water, Indigenous communities at risk
Mining - Environmental destruction, abandoned mines, loss of jobs, conflict minerals (exploitation of poor countries)
What are the four pillars of sustainability that makes a community livable?
Enviroment
Society
Culture
Economy
Issues with plastic
Plastic is marketed as recyclable but it the majority is not recycled.
Plate boundaries
Oceanic-oceanic: deep sea trenches, Mariana Trench
Oceanic-continental: volcanic mountain ranges, Juan de Fuca plate example
Continental-continental: folded mountain ranges, Mount Everest example
Mechanization increased size of farms and decreased the number of workers.
How are oil sands produced?
They are extracted with a large truck, they’re broken down to remove clumps of clay, hot water is added and it is transported to the extraction plant where bitumen is extracted from the oil.