Defining and Studying Cities
Can be thought of as the way of life in a city – which can be dictated by historical periods – think about how politics and civil rights have changed how cities are seen, felt and experienced.
What is "Urbanism"?
This movement established community-based centers in poor, urban immigrant neighborhoods during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, designed to bridge class divides through "settlement"—where social reformers living among residents – offered education, healthcare, daycare, english classes
What is the "Settlement House Movement"
This term is used to describe an economic system driven by centralized large-scale industrial production for a mass consumer market.
What is Fordism?
The process by which capital is reinvested in urban neighborhoods, and poorer residents and their cultural products are displaced and replaced by richer people and their preferred aesthetics and amenities.
What is gentrification?
This institution designed maps that categorized neighborhoods based on the relative security or riskiness of those areas for banks, saving and loans, and other lenders who made mortgages. It is another government institution that made racial segregation a part of government policy.
What is the Home Owners' Loan Corporation
A way of representing & talk about places and spaces. Describes ideas about spaces and places that are collectively understood. Can reveal biases about places, including cities.
What are "Spatial Imaginaries"?
This is a term that describes 1) technology & production processes AND 2) legal systems, domestic relations & labor issues
What is a "mode of production"?
This form of production emphasizes flexible production, often made possible by the development of versatile programmable machinery, capable of responding rapidly to changing consumer demand and market conditions
What is post-Fordism?
This term is used to describe the availability of different training opportunities that either prepare students for college or vocational careers.
What is "differentiated schooling"?
This is an essential 'tool' used to complete urban renewal projects where the government could legitimately take blighted/non-blighted properties if other economic stimuli were at stake.
What is eminent domain?
This describes a certain spatial patterning of socioeconomic status as typical and tries to explain why it should be so.
What is an "Urban Growth Model"?
These are clauses in the deeds of peoples' homes that prevented owners from selling their properties to black buyers.
What are racially restrictive covenants?
Dominant economic ideology until ~1974; understoond capitalism as compatible with government economic intervention regarding taxes, interest rates, market regulation, and regional policy aimed at promoting higher levels of demand, countering unemployment and combating deflation
What is Keynesianism?
"Three Strike Laws" which mandate harsh sentences for repeat offenses of minor crimes, and "stop, question, and frisk" policies are examples of which policing strategy?
What is Broken Windows Policing?
The manual that defined the terms that the agency would or would not insure a home mortgage. Made racial segregation into government procedure.
What is the Federal Housing Administration's "Underwriting Manual"?
Difference between FHA/HOLC -- HOLC refinanced existing mortgages, whereas the FHA insured new loans (allowing some people to buy homes in the suburbs, etc.).
A mutually constitutive relationship between society and space
What are "socio-spatial processes"?
These are the two principles underlying zoning law in the US.
What is
1. the nuisance doctrine
2. police powers
An ideology that has become widespread since the 1980s. Its followers, including most contemporary politicians, believe that the competitive free market is the most efficient way of organizing the economy and society in general.
What is neoliberalism?
These three digital hinterlands reflect more fundamental changes in urban growth operations under digital capitalism, expanding the types of activities that define the hinterland dynamics.
What are 1) Fulfillment hinterlands, 2) Computational hinterlands, and 3) Signaling hinterlands?
Terms that Rothstein uses to describe 1) segregation that is a result of the natural way of things or individual choices, 2) segregation that is enforced by law or government policy
What is 1) de facto segregation and 2) de jure segregation?
This model of industrial Chicago had concentric circles industrial areas and residential zones, with class-based segregation.
What is the Burgess Model?
According to Massey and Denton, these are three explanations that do NOT adequately explain persistent poverty in inner cities.
What are...
1. Culture of poverty (cultural explanations)
2. The loss of manufacturing jobs and the lack of transportation to jobs (economic explanations)
3. Government welfare policy
They argue that racial residential segregation is the primary factor in persistent poverty.
These two terms do not have static definitions, but were nonetheless used in government policy regarding urban renewal.
What is 1) blight and 2) slum?
Blight is structural deterioration, negative environmental influences, negatively perceived social influences, negative economic indicators; could also include poor/incompatible land use, poor planning. Slums are areas with residential blight.
These are the four major critiques of predictive policing.
What is: 1) Lack of transparency, 2) Data privacy concerns, 3) Biased data, 4) Territorial stigmatization/feedback loops
This is the notion that race, more than any other factor, accounts for the disproportionate exposure of minority populations to environmental and public health dangers associated with pollution of all kinds, including toxic disposal sites and industrial effluents
What is "environmental racism"?