Changing Populations
What country looks like a boot?
Italy
What is the tallest mountain in the world?
Mount Everest
What is the largest ocean?
Pacific Ocean
What is the capital of Belgium?
Brussels
Suggest one reason why females in low-income countries are more at risk from the impacts of climate change.
Women in some societies have a lower socio-economic status than men [1] less access to money to combat risks [1]. • Less access to resources such as land/credit/technology [1] more difficult to adapt to impacts of climate change [1] • Less involved in decision-making processes [1] limits ability to influence policies [1] • Greater responsibility of caring for children and the elderly [1] - as climate change leads to crop failures, they may be more likely to suffer from food insecurity [1] • Girls may drop out of school to help at home [1] lack education to give awareness of risks [1] • Females are more likely to work in low paying jobs [1], increasing their vulnerability/ access to health care [1] • Females less well educated [1] not have access to information on impacts [1]
Explain one social consequence of voluntary internal migration in a destination area.
Strain on services [1] education/healthcare cannot cope with increased population [1] • Lack of suitable housing/housing shortage [1] cannot cope with increased population/dives up house prices/rent [1] • Cultural diversity [1] introduction of new traditions/cuisine [1] • Social innovation/influx of new ideas [1] stimulates social change [1] • Counterbalance declining birthrates [1] provide population growth [1] • Social conflicts [1] discrimination/crime/child labour [1]
Explain one reason why incoming solar radiation may vary
Milankovitch cycles [1] changes in axis tilt/orbital shape [1] • Global dimming / volcanoes [1] gases/aerosols absorb/scatter sunlight [1] • Geoengineering techniques [1] reflect energy [1] • Daily variations [1] position of the sun in the sky [1] • Seasonal variations [1] cloud cover varies absorbs sunlight/angle of incidence varies [1] • Latitudinal variations [1] angle of incidence/duration of daylight [1]
Explain how one factor may reduce the food security of a country
Conflict reduces production – disruption of agriculture/destruction of crops/loss of workforce/diversion of food • Trade policies and restrictions/tariffs – disrupt global markets and limit access to food • Natural disasters such as earthquakes etc. -destroy agricultural land/crops/infrastructure • Population growth – put pressure on production • Unsustainable agricultural practices/land degradation – causes soil erosion/reduces amount of good land for agriculture • Price volatility – makes food unaffordable
Outline one reason why urban temperatures are sometimes higher than those of surrounding rural areas.
Suggest one reason why embedded water use has changed over time.
Consumer behaviour (could increase or decrease the use). [1] consumption of water intensive products such as meat/dairy/cotton [1] • Environmental concern for water security/water footprinting (decrease) [1] individuals understand the impacts of their water consumption [1] • Rise in meat consumption (increase) [1] westernization of diets [1] • Global trade (increase or decrease) [1] globalization has increased trade in goods with embedded water [1] • Rise in plant-based diets (decrease) [1] less meat consumed [1]
Which country has the most time zones?
France
Explain a reason for an increase in methane gas emissions.
• Increased landfill – anaerobic decomposition of organic waste releases methane • More land used for rice farming – methane produced by microbes in the soil. • Higher numbers of livestock farms – methane produced by ruminants as part of digestive processes.
What is the largest island in the world (not a continent)?
Greenland
Which city hosted the 2024 Summer Olympics?
London
Explain one reason why it can be difficult to implement a circular economy.
It can be difficult to measure progress and success [1] the level/rate of implementation is not known [1]. • Lack of certain technologies [1], e.g. for recycling and repurposing materials, may not yet be advanced enough to fully support a circular economy. [1] • Consumer behaviour [1] – difficult/reluctant to change as it requires behavioural change [1] • Limited resources available [1] It may be difficult to source certain materials, such as rare earth metals, to support a circular economy. [1] • Complexity of implementation [1]: The circular economy is a complex and requires coordination of many stakeholders [1] • Government policies can create waste [1] – e.g. sell by dates [1]
Explain one positive consequence for individuals resulting from the growth of megacities
Increased employment/salary opportunities - as a growing city attracts new businesses. • Higher wages/income - concentration of industries in megacities increases competition for labour. • Housing opportunities – growth of rental markets for people/development of transit-orientated developments to reduce transport costs. • More cultural opportunities – growing cities attract migrants from many different locations and cultures. • Access to specialised services – concentration of population supports wide range e.g. healthcare.
Suggest one way in which human activity has changed terrestrial albedo.
Use of land for urbanisation often decreases albedo [1] – urban areas have dark surfaces/asphalt/concrete which absorb more light than natural surfaces [1]. Desertification removes vegetation which absorbs light and has a lower albedo [1] – exposed lighter soils are more reflective and have a higher albedo [1].
Suggest one way in which economic development may lead to an increase in the availability of energy.
Investment in alternative sources to provide additional ways of generating energy • The lower cost solar power • Increased demand for energy so TNCs search for new sources of supply. • Increased funding to construct infrastructure in order to distribute to more areas • More funding available to develop smart infrastructure/energy efficient technology that consumes less energy • More funding available to import energy from another country
Suggest one social reasons for the rapid growth of a megacity such as Lagos.
Suggest one reason why countries have different policies to manage the challenges of an ageing society.
The culture of the country values old people – reduces the burden on governments.
•Type of government: free market versus state control – some countries have focus on private pensions which takes burden off the state.
Political pressures from different age groups – ageing population may have voting power.
Different size of ageing population/stages of demographic transition - an ageing population is not as much of a challenge in some countries as in others.
Speed of ageing may differ/starting population age may be lower – where ageing is more rapid policies may be more severe/face greater resource constraints.
Tax structures may be different – broader tax base may spread the cost.
Different retirement ages – where retirement age is higher there may be less pressure.
On what date was Sir David Attenborough born?
8 May 1926
Explain two ways in which globalization has led to a change in greenhouse gas emissions.
Possible ways which globalization can lead to an increase in greenhouse gas emission include: • Increased international migration/travel due to globalized and interconnectedness of countries. • urbanization and changing population structure led to increased consumption of domestic energy emissions of more GHGs. • Enhanced globalized trade in goods in goods and services lead to increased emissions of GHGs e.g., the use of refrigerated vehicles to transport imported flowers
Possible ways in which globalization can lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emission include: • Stringent environmental regulations monitored by multi-lateral organizations in a globalized world, reduce emissions /encourage more use of cleaner energy technologies etc. • Signing of international agreements and treaties that commit countries to reduce the emission of GHGs.
What is the world's largest desert?
Antarctica
Which country has the most islands in the world?
Sweden
Suggest how two groups of people have been affected by one pro-natalist or anti-natalist policy you have studied.