Continents and Maps
Name the largest ocean and the continent that is entirely in the Southern Hemisphere and has no countries.
Pacific Ocean; Antarctica.
Define climate vs. weather in one sentence each.
Climate = long‑term average conditions; Weather = short‑term conditions.
Define the following: refugee, migrant, asylum seeker, internally displaced person (IDP).
Refugee — flees conflict across a border; Migrant — moves often for work; Asylum seeker — seeks legal protection; IDP — displaced but remains inside country.
What is NATO? Give one basic purpose.
NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization; purpose: collective defense.
Name the four climate zones/biomes of Africa listed in the guide.
Desert, Sahel, Savanna, Rainforest.
On a political map, what do national borders show? Give one example from the study guide (hint: NATO map or Soviet Union)
Show political boundaries between countries. Example: NATO membership map shows countries in an alliance; Soviet Union map shows former republic borders.
What is a monsoon? Describe why monsoons are important to the cultures they impact.
Seasonal wind that brings wet/dry seasons; crucial for agriculture and water supply.
What are push and pull factors? Give one push and one pull example related to the Ukraine refugee crisis.
Push: war, violence (e.g., invasion); Pull: safety, work, family in host country.
Who are Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelenski (Zelensky)? Give one-sentence descriptions of each (role/title).
Vladimir Putin — President of Russia; Volodymyr Zelenski — President of Ukraine.
Describe characteristics of the Sahel and explain why it is vulnerable to desertification.
Sahel = semi‑arid transition south of Sahara; vulnerable due to low rainfall, overgrazing, and unsustainable farming.
Explain how to read lines of latitude and longitude and give the coordinates format used to locate a city.
Latitude (horizontal, N/S) and longitude (vertical, E/W), coordinates like (lat∘N,lon∘E)(lat∘N,lon∘E) (e.g., (51.5∘N,0.1∘W)(51.5∘N,0.1∘W)).
Describe the major features of the Congo River basin and one reason the rainforest there is important to global climate.
Congo River basin: dense rainforest, large river network, high biodiversity; rainforest stores carbon and regulates climate.
Explain the difference between human geography and physical geography and give one example of how each influences the other.
Human = cultures, economics; Physical = landforms, climate; Example: Rivers shape where cities develop (physical → human); urbanization alters land cover (human → physical).
What happened on February 24, 2022, according to the study guide? State the event in one sentence.
Russia invaded Ukraine on February 24, 2022.
Define deforestation and overfarming and give one cause and one impact for each in African contexts.
Deforestation cause: logging, agriculture; impact: habitat loss, carbon release. Overfarming cause: repeated cropping without rest/fertilizer; impact: soil exhaustion, lower yields.
Using a physical map, what features help you identify the European Plain? Describe two clues on a physical map.
Look for low elevation shading across Northern Europe and few highland symbols — broad flat areas labeled "plain."
Explain desertification: give two causes and two impacts (use Africa examples from the guide).
Causes: overgrazing, deforestation, drought, climate change; Impacts: loss of arable land, food insecurity, displacement.
The guide mentions "How and why have attitudes changed towards refugees?" — list three factors that can change public attitudes toward refugees during a prolonged crisis.
Factors: visible suffering and news coverage, host country economic conditions, political leadership/messages/policies.
List three geographic or political reasons given in the guide for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine (short bullets).
Reasons: security concerns (NATO expansion), territorial claims (Crimea), resources/economic interests, political influence.
The Serengeti and the Sahara are both listed. Compare their climates, typical vegetation, and one major human activity in each.
Serengeti: tropical savanna, grasslands, scattered trees, wildlife migrations, pastoralism/tourism; Sahara: hot desert, sparse vegetation, nomadic herding/mining.
The study guide lists a Russia map with the former Soviet Union. Name three countries that were part of the Soviet Union (besides Russia) and place one on the correct continent.
Examples: Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan; these are in Europe or Asia (use continent classification per map)
Draw conclusions from a population pyramid: what does a wide base vs. narrow base tell you about birth rate and future population growth?
Wide base = high birth rate/young population; narrow base = low birth rate/aging population.
Using the study guide's topics on Ukrainian refugee flows, name two primary destination regions or countries Ukrainians fled to and explain one reason each was a common destination.
Common destinations: neighboring EU countries (Poland, Romania), other European countries; reasons: proximity, family ties, asylum systems.
Explain the European Plain's strategic importance for armies and logistics (2–3 sentences).
European Plain: flat terrain, good for movement of armies, agriculture, few natural barriers — makes defense and supply easier for large forces.
Provide a short plan (3 steps) a local community could use to reduce desertification and help farmers adapt
Example plan: (1) Plant and protect native trees (agroforestry); (2) Teach crop rotation and sustainable grazing; (3) Build small water‑harvesting structures and community management.