LANDFORMS and PANGAEA
PLATE TECTONICS
SEISMIC WAVES
EARTH'S LAYERS
HEAT TRANSFER
100
What was Pangaea?
Pangaea was a SUPERCONTINENT 250 million years ago, in which all the present-day continents were connected.
100
What do you call the edges between plates of the earth's crust?
PLATE BOUNDARIES
100
What produces seismic waves?
EARTHQUAKES
100
What are the two types of Earth's crust?
OCEANIC CRUST AND CONTINENTAL CRUST
100
What are the three types of heat transfer?
CONDUCTION, CONVECTION, RADIATION
200
Give two pieces of evidence for the existence of Pangaea.
Evidence includes: 1. CONTINENT SHAPES: several continents today would fit together like puzzle pieces. 2. CURRENT PLATE TECTONICS show that certain plates are moving away from each other. If you back it up in time, you can see that a supercontinent would result. 3. UNIQUE FOSSILS have been found in certain places on separate current-day continents, but nowhere else in the world. 4. UNIQUE ROCK FORMATIONS have been found in certain places on separate continents, but nowhere else.
200
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
DIVERGENT, CONVERGENT, TRANSFORM BOUNDARIES
200
What are the three types of seismic waves?
P, S, AND SURFACE WAVES
200
What are the two main elements in the Earth's core?
IRON AND NICKEL
200
Which type of heat transfer involves contact or touching?
CONDUCTION
300
How are "volcanic necks" formed?
Volcanic necks are formed when magma hardens inside an ancient volcano's pipe. Later, the softer rock around the pipe wears away, exposing the harder rock inside.
300
What drives plate tectonics?
CONVECTION CURRENTS IN THE MANTLE
300
How do S waves vibrate the ground?
FROM SIDE TO SIDE
300
What are the two main elements in the mantle?
MAGNESIUM AND IRON
300
What is the difference between convection and radiation?
CONVECTION INVOLVES A FLUID AND DIFFERENT DENSITIES. RADIATION CAN TRAVEL THROUGH ANYTHING, INCLUDING SPACE.
400
Why are there different types of volcanoes?
The size and shape of a volcano depends on WHAT THE MAGMA IS MADE OF.
400
Describe a convergent continent-continent plate boundary. Use these words: VOLCANOES, EARTHQUAKES, MOUNTAINS, DENSITY
Two continental plates crash. Both plates are of equal DENSITY, so neither subducts below the other. Instead, they push each other upward, creating EARTHQUAKES as the rock moves against each other, and a MOUNTAIN range as the rock rumples upward. There are NO VOLCANOES produced.
400
Describe one difference between P waves, S waves, and surface waves.
P: 1st, compress/expand ground, travel through solids and liquids. S: 2nd, vibrate ground side to side, travel only through solids. Surface: P and S waves turn into these. Move slowly, in circular pattern. Cause a lot of damage on earth.
400
In terms of the four main layers of the earth, describe where the LITHOSPHERE is.
THE LITHOSPHERE INCLUDES THE WHOLE CRUST AND THE UPPER PART OF THE MANTLE.
400
Which layer of the earth transfers heat via convection currents DIRECTLY to the crust?
MANTLE
500
The chain of islands off the Alaskan Coast, the Aleutian Islands, are an ISLAND ARC. Describe they formed. Include the words: PLATES, DENSE, ISLANDS, TRENCH.
Island arcs form when two ocean PLATES converge and one subducts below the other. The subducting plate melts, and that less DENSE molten rock melts its way upward, emerging from the ocean floor as it produces a volcano. Volcanoes that are higher than the water surface are ISLANDS. The chain of volcanic islands is called an island arc. A TRENCH is created between the two plates that runs parallel to the islands.
500
Explain how the Red Sea formed and what will happen to it in the future.
Two continental plates diverged, moving apart as magma pushed upward. Water filled in the valley between the separating plates, creating the long, thin Red Sea. In the future, the Red Sea will continue to widen as the magma continues to push up and the plates continue to diverge.
500
Explain how earthquakes helped us figure out what the inside of the Earth is like. Use the terms P WAVES, S WAVES, DENSITY, SEISMOGRAPHS
Seismographs located around the world pick up seismic waves from earthquakes. P-WAVES travel through all layers of the Earth to all waiting SEISMOGRAPHS. S-WAVES do not make it through the outer core because they do not travel through liquids, and they cast a "shadow" on seismographs on the other side of the Earth. The different DENSITY of the different layers causes the P and S WAVES to change direction, which can be detected by SEISMOGRAPHS AROUND THE EARTH.
500
Compare how a lava lamp demonstrates convection currents in the outer core and mantle. Use the following terms in your comparison. LESS DENSE, MORE DENSE, HOTTER, COOLER, SOLID, LIQUID, OUTER CORE, MANTLE
In a lava lamp, wax at the bottom near the hot light bulb gets HOTTER and rises because it becomes LESS DENSE. When it gets to the top of the lamp, it gets COOLER and becomes MORE DENSE. This is all occurring in a LIQUID. The same process occurs in the liquid OUTER CORE, which transfers heat up to the MANTLE. The mantle transfers its heat upward in the same way, except that it moves very slowly because it is a SOLID.
500
What is the temperature of "absolute zero?"
-273 degrees Celsius
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