Rocks & Minerals
All igneous rocks form from the cooling of this
What is magma?
This kind of stress is it when different parts of an object tends to move in different directions across a plane, or to slide past one another
What is a shear stress?
A fast moving volcanic mudflow is called this
What is a lahar?
Precipitation leads to runoff, which flows to the ocean where water undergoes this and becomes water vapor
What is evaporation?
The number of individuals in a population that can be supported over long time periods without permanent environmental damage
What is carrying capacity?
This mineral sub-group can typically absorb large amounts of water allowing expansion and contraction, providing useful lubricants as well as unstable soil
What are clays?
Waves that involve a shearing motion on the surface are known as this
What are love waves?
Sulfur-rich gasses (such as sulfur dioxide) produced by eruptions react with water vapor to create sulfuric acid, which can lead to this
What is acid rain?
Flash-floods can happen in many environments but are most commonly associated with this
What is intense rainfall and restrictive pathways for water?
There are this many layers of the Earth
What is 4?
This principle says that the bottom layer of a sedimentary sequence deposited first and the top layer is the youngest
What is the principle of superposition?
A place where earthquakes have not occurred but where friction is building up stress that may rupture is known as this
What is a seismic gap?
This type of volcano is more likely to have different kinds of magma erupt from it
What is a stratovolcano?
This is the volume of water flowing past a given point in a specific length of time, therefore water flow is a rate
What is discharge?
The three most abundant elements in the Earth's crust
Metamorphosed calcium-carbonate is commonly used in construction projects as a decorative stone called this
What is marble?
When a P wave moves from a solid to a liquid, this is expected to happen to the P wave
What is slow down?
An enlarged volcanic crater that formed due to the collapse of the magma chamber
What is a caldera?
Streams that have significant channel-shape control caused by the type and amount of sediment in the river are called this
What are alluvial rivers?
The orbital cycles, also known as obliquity, precession and eccentricity are known together by this name
What is the Milankovitch cycles?
In metamorphic rocks, continent-scale compression can lead to elongated minerals that resemble sheets in a book, leaving this texture in the rock.
What is foliation?
This process (from physics) causes the pathways of body waves to bend
What is refraction?
This is a typical magmatic composition of a shield volcano
What is a low silica content?
All the materials which move along the stream is called this
What is sediment load?
This is the name of the tide when sun, moon and earth are in aligned position
What is a spring tide?