Layers of the Earth
What is the top most layer of the earth?
Crust
What kinds of geologic events are caused by transform boundaries?
earthquakes
What is the difference between lava and magma?
Both are melted rock, but magma is found underground and lava is above ground (from an erupting volcano)
All ______ are made out of 2 or more different kinds of minerals.
Rocks
You are a rock that formed when lava cooled after a volcanic eruption. What kind of rock are you?
igneous rock
These geologists study the chemical composition of rocks, soils, and water, and can work in areas like environmental science, resource exploration, and geological mapping.
Geochemist
Upper Mantle
What kinds of geologic events can happen at a convergent boundary?
Mountains, Subduction, Volcanoes, and Earthquakes
If you are building a building in an earthquake-prone area, what can you do to make it safer?
Make it tall instead of short and wide to make it more flexible, build it out of flexible materials like wood or steel instead of rigid materials like brick or cement, and add diagonal braces to reduce the impact of shaking in different directions. You can also build houses on stable bedrock instead of areas with more loose sediment to prevent foundations from sinking in the event of an earthquake.
How do you test the streak (the color of its powder) of a mineral?
Use the mineral like a piece of chalk on a hard surface (like a ceramic tile) and observe what color of mineral powder is left behind
You are a rock in the oceanic crust, formed by pressure squishing together the grains of sand that had collected there. What kind of rock are you?
Sedimentary Rock
These geologists study the movement and distribution of groundwater, and can work on projects related to water resource management and contamination remediation.
Hydrogeologist
The deeper part beneath the upper mantle, known for its high density and pressure
Lower Mantle
How do the plates move in each of the 3 tectonic plate boundaries?
Convergent: plates move crash into each other; Divergent: plates move apart; Transform: plates slide past each other in opposite directions
What makes magma/lava more viscous?
More silica makes more viscous (thicker/stickier) lava
Which objects should you use (in order) when testing a mineral's hardness?
fingernail, copper penny, glass plate, steel file
You are a very dense rock with crystals in it. How did you form?
Heat and pressure (you are a metamorphic rock)
These geologists apply geological knowledge to engineering projects, such as designing foundations and assessing the stability of slopes
Engineering Geologist
Core
What kinds of geologic events are caused by divergent boundaries?
mid-ocean ridges, new crust formation, and rift valleys.
How does the amount of dissolved gas in magma/lava change the way that a volcano erupts?
More dissolved gas makes a more explosive eruption (like when you shake up a bottle of soda and increase the pressure of the dissolved carbon dioxide in it before opening it)
What do "dull," "earthy," "vitreous," "waxy," and "metallic" describe?
The luster of a mineral
What kind of rock often has fossils inside of it?
sedimentary rock
these types of geologists seek out and assess oil and gas deposits, studying geological formations and using geophysical techniqu
Petroleum Geologist
Why is the inner core solid even though it is the hottest layer?
There is too much pressure from all of the layers on top of it for it to melt
What is subduction? (What kinds of plates are involved, and what happens to each of them?)
An oceanic plate runs into a continental crust plate at a convergent boundary and the oceanic crust gets pushed down underneath the continental crust because it is more dense.
Which earthquake waves carry energy perpendicularly to the direction that molecules are moving? (This kind of wave can travel through solids but not liquids.)
Secondary waves
What properties should you use to identify a mineral if you don't know what it is?
color, luster, streak, and hardness
How does sediment form?
weathering and erosion
These professionals collect samples, conduct field tests, and analyze data related to environmental issues.
Environmental Field Technician